第 15 节
作者:闪啊闪      更新:2023-08-28 11:48      字数:9319
  imperfect;   or   rather   an   erroneous;   notion   of   the   spirit   of   the   old   Latin
  ballads。 The Patricians; during more than a century after the expulsion of
  the Kings; held all the high military commands。 A Plebeian; even though;
  like Lucius Siccius; he were distinguished by his valor and knowledge of
  war;   could   serve   only   in   subordinate   posts。   A   minstrel;   therefore;   who
  wished   to   celebrate   the   early  triumphs   of   his   country;   could   hardly   take
  any but Patricians for his heroes。 The warriors who are mentioned in the
  two   preceding   lays;   Horatius;  Lartius;   Herminius; Aulus   Posthumius;             芺
  utius Elva; Sempronius Atratinus; Valerius Poplicola; were all members of
  the dominant order; and a poet who was singing their praises; whatever his
  own   political   opinions   might   be;   would   naturally   abstain   from   insulting
  the class to which they belonged; and from reflecting on the system which
  had placed such men at the head of the legions of the Commonwealth。
  But there was a class of compositions in which the great families were
  by no means so courteously treated。 No parts of early Roman history are
  richer   with   poetical   coloring   than   those   which   relate   to   the   long   contest
  between   the   privileged   houses   and   the   commonality。   The   population   of
  Rome was; from a very early period; divided into hereditary castes; which;
  indeed; readily united to repel foreign enemies; but which regarded each
  other; during many years; with bitter animosity。 Between those castes there
  was   a   barrier   hardly   less   strong   than   that   which;   at   Venice;   parted   the
  members of the Great Council from their countrymen。 In some respects;
  indeed; the line which separated an Icilius or a Duilius from a Posthumius
  or a Fabius was even more deeply marked than that which separated the
  rower of gondola from a Contarini or a Morosini。 At Venice the distinction
  was   merely   civil。   At   Rome   it   was   both   civil   and   religious。   Among   the
  grievances       under    which     the   Plebeians     suffered;    three    were    felt  as
  peculiarly severe。 They were excluded from the highest magistracies; they
  were  excluded   from  all   share  in   the public lands;   and   they  were   ground
  down to the dust by partial and barbarous legislation touching pecuniary
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  contracts。 The ruling class in Rome was a moneyed class; and it made and
  administered   the   laws   with   a   view   solely   to   its   own   interest。   Thus   the
  relation   between   lender   and   borrower   was   mixed   up   with   the   relation
  between sovereign and subject。 The great men held a large portion of the
  community in dependence by means of advances at enormous usury。 The
  law of debt; framed by creditors; and for the protection of creditors; was
  the host horrible that has   ever been known   among men。 The liberty  and
  even the life of the insolvent were at the mercy of the Patrician money…
  lenders。 Children often became slaves in consequence of the misfortunes
  of their parents。 The debtor was imprisoned; not in a public jail under the
  care     of  impartial     public    functionaries;     but   in   a  private    workhouse
  belonging      to  the   creditor。   Frightful    stories   were   told   respecting    these
  dungeons。 It was said that torture and brutal violation were common; that
  tight stocks; heavy chains; scanty measures of food; were used to punish
  wretches   guilty   of   nothing   but   poverty;   and   that   brave   soldiers;   whose
  breasts were covered with honorable scars; were often marked still more
  deeply on the back by the scourges of high…born usurers。
  The Plebeians were; however; not wholly without constitutional rights。
  From  an   early  period   they  had   been   admitted   to   some   share   of   political
  power。 They were enrolled each in his century; and were allowed a share;
  considerable   though   not   proportioned   to   their   numerical   strength;   in   the
  disposal     of   those    high    dignities   from     which    they    were    themselves
  excluded。 Thus their position bore some resemblance to that of the Irish
  Catholics   during   the   interval   between   the   year   1792   and   the   year   1829。
  The     Plebeians    had    also  the   privilege    of  annually     appointing     officers;
  named      Tribunes;     who    had   no   active   share   in  the   government       of  the
  commonwealth; but who; by degree; acquired a power formidable even to
  the   ablest   and   most   resolute   Consuls   and   Dictators。   The   person   of   the
  Tribune was inviolable; and; though he could directly effect little; he could
  obstruct everything。
  During more than a century after the institution of the Tribuneship; the
  Commons   struggled   manfully   for   the   removal   of   the   grievances   under
  which they labored; and; in spite of many checks and reverses; succeeded
  in wringing concession after concession from the stubborn aristocracy。 At
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  length   in    the   year  of   the  city   378;   both   parties   mustered     their  whole
  strength for their last and most desperate conflict。 The popular and active
  Tribune;   Caius   Licinius;   proposed   the   three   memorable   laws   which   are
  called   by   his   name;   and   which   were   intended   to   redress   the   three   great
  evils of which the Plebeians complained。 He was supported; with eminent
  ability    and    firmness;    by   his   colleague;    Lucius     Sextius。    The    struggle
  appears to have been the fiercest that every in any community terminated
  without an appeal to arms。 If such a contest had raged in any Greek city;
  the   streets   would   have   run   with   blood。   But;   even   in   the   paroxysms   of
  faction;    the   Roman      retained    his  gravity;   his   respect    for  law;   and   his
  tenderness for the lives of his fellow citizens。 Year after year Licinius and
  Sextius were re 雔 ected Tribunes。 Year after year; if the narrative which
  has come down to us is to be trusted; they continued to exert; to the full
  extent;   their   power   of   stopping   the   whole   machine   of   government。   No
  curule magistrates could be chosen; no military muster could be held。 We
  know too little of the state of Rome in those days to be able to conjecture
  how;   during   that   long   anarchy;   the   peace   was   kept;   and   ordinary   justice
  administered between man and man。 The animosity of both parties rose to
  the   greatest   height。   The   excitement;   we   may   well   suppose;   would   have
  been     peculiarly    intense    at  the   annual    election    of   Tribunes。    On    such
  occasions there can be little doubt that the great families did all that could
  be done; by threats and caresses; to break the union of the Plebeians。 That
  union; however; proved indissoluble。 At length the good cause triumphed。
  The   Licinian   laws   were   carried。   Lucius   Sextius   was   the   first   Plebeian
  Consul; Caius Licinius the third。
  The  results   of this   great   change  were   singularly  happy  and   glorious。
  Two      centuries     of    prosperity;     harmony;      and    victory     followed      the
  reconciliation      of  the   orders。   Men     who    remembered       Rome     engaged     in
  waging petty wars almost within sight of the Capitol lived to see her the
  mistress of Italy。 While the disabilities of the Plebeians continued; she was
  scarcely able to maintain her ground against the Volscians and Hernicans。
  When   those   disabilities   were   removed;   she   rapidly   became   more   than   a
  match for Carthage and Macedon。
  During the great Licinian contest the Plebeian poets were; doubtless;
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  not   silent。  Even   in   modern times   songs have   been   by  no   means   without
  influence on public affairs; and we may therefore infer that; in a society
  where   printing   was   unknown   and   where   books   were   rare;   a   pathetic   or
  humorous   party…ballad   must   have   produced   effects   such   as   we   can   but
  faintly conceive。 It is certain that satirical poems were common at Rome
  from a very early period。 The rustics; who lived at a distance from the seat
  of government; and took little part in the strife of factions; gave vent   to
  their petty local animosities in coarse Fescennine verse。 The lampoons of
  the city