第 4 节
作者:闪啊闪      更新:2023-08-28 11:48      字数:9318
  extraordinary pomp。 In the eulogy pronounced over his body all the great
  exploits   of   his   ancestors   were   doubtless   recounted   and   exaggerated。   If
  there were then extant songs which gave a vivid and touching description
  of an event; the saddest and the most glorious in the long history of the
  Fabian     house;   nothing   could   be   more   natural   than   that   the   panegyrist
  should borrow from such songs their finest touches; in order to adorn his
  speech。 A few generations later the songs would perhaps be forgotten; or
  remembered   only   by   shepherds   and   vinedressers。   But   the   speech   would
  certainly be preserved in the archives of the Fabian nobles。 Fabius Pictor
  would be well acquainted with a document so interesting to his personal
  feelings; and would insert large extracts from it in his rude chronicle。 That
  chronicle;   as   we   know;   was   the   oldest   to   which   Livy   had   access。   Livy
  would at a glance distinguish the bold strokes of the forgotten poet from
  the   dull   and   feeble   narrative    by   which    they   were    surrounded;     would
  retouch them with a delicate and powerful pencil; and would make them
  immortal。
  That     this  might    happen     at   Rome     can   scarcely    be   doubted;     for
  something   very   like   this   has   happened   in   several   countries;   and;   among
  others;   in   our   own。   Perhaps   the   theory   of   Perizonius   cannot   be   better
  illustrated than by showing that what he supposes to have taken place in
  ancient times has; beyond all doubt; taken place in modern times。
  ‘‘History;'' says   Hume with   the utmost gravity; ‘‘has   preserved   some
  instances   of   Edgar's   amours;   from   which;   as   from   a   specimen;   we   may
  form a conjecture of the rest。'' He then tells very agreeably the stories of
  Elfleda     and   Elfrida;   two   stories   which    have   a  most    suspicious    air  of
  romance; ad which; indeed; greatly resemble; in their character; some of
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  the legends of early Rome。 He cites; as his authority for these two tales;
  the   chronicle of William  of   Malmesbury;  who   lived   in the   time   of   King
  Stephen。 The great majority of readers suppose that the device by which
  Elfleda     was    substituted    for   her  young     mistress;    the  artifice   by   which
  Athelwold obtained the hand of Elfrida; the detection of that artifice; the
  hunting   party;   and   the   vengeance   of   the   amorous   king;   are   things   about
  which there is no more doubt than about the execution of Anne Boleyn; or
  the slitting of Sir John Coventry's nose。 But when we turn to William of
  Malmesbury; we find that Hume; in his eagerness to relate these pleasant
  fables;   has   overlooked   one   very   important   circumstance。   William   does
  indeed tell both the stories; but he gives us distinct notice that he does not
  warrant their  truth;  and that   they  rest on   no   better  authority  than that of
  ballads。
  Such     is  the  way    in   which    these   two    well…known       tales  have    been
  handed   down。   They   originally   appeared   in   a   poetical   form。   They   found
  their   way   from   ballads   into   an   old   chronicle。   The   ballads   perished;   the
  chronicle remained。 A great historian; some centuries after the ballads had
  been   altogether   forgotten;  consulted   the   chronicle。  He   was   struck   by  the
  lively coloring of these ancient fictions: he transferred them to his pages;
  and thus we find inserted; as unquestionable facts; in a narrative which is
  likely to last as long as the English tongue; the inventions of some minstrel
  whose works were probably never committed to writing; whose name is
  buried in oblivion; and whose dialect has become obsolete。 It must; then;
  be   admitted   to   be   possible;  or   rather   highly  probable;   that   the   stories   of
  Romulus   and   Remus;   and   of   the   Horatii   and   Curiatti;   may   have   had   a
  similar origin。
  Castilian literature will furnish us with another parallel case。 Mariana;
  the classical   historian of   Spain;  tells the  story  of the  ill…starred   marriage
  which the King Don Alonso brought about between the heirs of Carrion
  and the two daughters of the Cid。 The Cid bestowed a princely dower on
  the sons…in…law。 But   the young   men were   base and   proud; cowardly  and
  cruel。 They were tried in danger; and found wanting。 They fled before the
  Moors; and once; when a lion broke out of his den; they ran and crouched
  in an unseemly hiding…place。 They knew that they were despised; and took
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  counsel how they might be avenged。 They parted from their father…in…law
  with many signs of love; and set forth on a journey with Do 馻   Elvira and
  Do 馻   Sol。 In a solitary place the bridegrooms seized their brides; stripped
  them; scourged them; and departed; leaving them for dead。 But one of the
  House      of  Bivar;    suspecting     foul   play;   had   followed     the   travellers    in
  disguise。 The  ladies   were  brought back   safe  to   the house  of  their  father。
  Complaint was made to the king。 It was adjudged by the Cortes that the
  dower given by the Cid should be returned; and that the heirs of Carrion
  together with one of their kindred should do battle against three knights of
  the party of the Cid。 The guilty youths would have declined the combat;
  but   all   their   shifts   were   in   vain。   They   were   vanquished   in   the   lists;   and
  forever   disgraced;   while   their   injured   wives   were   sought   in   marriage   by
  great princes。
  Some   Spanish   writers   have   labored   to   show;   by   an   examination   of
  dates   and   circumstances;   that   this   story   is   untrue。   Such   confutation   was
  surely not needed; for the narrative is on the face of it a romance。 How it
  found its way into Mariana's history is quite clear。 He acknowledges his
  obligations   to   the   ancient   chronicles;   and   had   doubtless   before   him   the
  Cronica del famoso Cavallero Cid Ruy Diez Campeador; which had been
  printed   as   early   as   the   year   1552。   He   little   suspected   that   all   the   most
  striking passages in this chronicle were copied from a poem of the twelfth
  century;a   poem  of   which   the language   and  versification   had   long   been
  obsolete; but which glowed with no common portion of the fire of the Iliad。
  Yet   such   is   the   fact。   More   than   a   century   and   a   half   after   the   death   of
  Mariana; this venerable ballad; of which one imperfect copy on parchment;
  four hundred years old; had been preserved at Bivar; was for the first time
  printed。 Then it was found that every interesting circumstance of the story
  of the heirs of Carrion was derived by the eloquent Jesuit from a song of
  which he had never heard; and which was composed by a minstrel whose
  very name had been long forgotten。
  Such; or nearly such; appears to have been the process by which the
  lost ballad…poetry of Rome was transformed into history。 To reverse that
  process; to transform some portions of early Roman history back into the
  poetry out of which they were made; is the object of this work。
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  In the following poems the author speaks; not in his own person; but in
  the persons of ancient minstrels who know only what Roman citizen; born
  three or four hundred years before the Christian era; may be supposed to
  have known; and who are in no wise above the passions and prejudices of
  their   age   and   nation。   To   these   imaginary   poets   must   be   ascribed   some
  blunders which are so obvious that is unnecessary to point them out。 The
  real blunder would have been to represent these old poets as deeply versed
  in general history; and studious of chronological accuracy。 To them must
  also be attributed the illiberal sneers at the Greeks; the furious party spirit;
  the contempt for the arts of peace; the love of war for its own sake; the
  ungenerous        exultation     over   the   vanquished;       which     the   reader    will
  sometimes observe。 To portray a Roman of the age of Camillus or Curius
  as superior to national antipathies; as mourning over the devastation and
  slaughter by  which   empire   and triumphs   were to be   won;  as   looking   on
  human suffering with the sympathy of Howard; or as treating conquered
  enemies   with   the   delicacy   of   the   Black   Prince;