第 2 节
作者:闪啊闪      更新:2023-08-28 11:48      字数:9322
  account of the help which it gives to the memory。 A man who can invent
  or embellish an interesting story; and put it into a form which others may
  easily   retain   in   their   recollection;   will   always   be   highly   esteemed   by   a
  people   eager   for   amusement   and   information;   but   destitute   of   libraries。
  Such     is  the   origin   of   ballad…poetry;     a  species    of  composition      which
  scarcely ever fails to spring up and flourish in every society; at a certain
  point   in   the   progress   towards   refinement。   Tacitus   informs   us   that   songs
  were the only memorials of the past which the ancient Germans possessed。
  We   learn   from   Lucan   and   from   Ammianus   Marcellinus   that   the   brave
  actions of the ancient Gauls were commemorated in the verses of Bards。
  During   many  ages;   and  through   many  revolution;  minstrelsy  retained   its
  influence     over    both   the  Teutonic     and   the  Celtic   race。   The    vengeance
  exacted by the spouse of Attila for the murder of Siegfried was celebrated
  in   rhymes;     of   which    Germany       is  still  justly  proud。    The   exploits    of
  Athelstane were commemorated by the Anglo…Saxons and those of Canute
  by the Danes; in rude poems; of which a few fragments have come down
  to us。 The chants of the Welsh harpers preserved; through ages of darkness;
  a faint and doubtful memory of Arthur。 In the Highlands of Scotland may
  still be gleaned some relics of the old songs about Cuthullin and Fingal。
  The long struggle of the Servians against the Ottoman power was recorded
  in lays full of martial spirit。 We learn from Herrera that; when a Peruvian
  Inca died; men of skill were appointed to celebrate him in verses; which
  all the people learned by heart; and sang in public on days of festival。 The
  feats of Kurroglou; the great freebooter of Turkistan; recounted in ballads
  composed       by   himself;    are  known     in  every   village    of  northern    Persia。
  Captain Beechey heard the bards of the Sandwich Islands recite the heroic
  achievements of Tamehameha; the most illustrious of their kings。 Mungo
  Park found in the heart of Africa a class of singing men; the only annalists
  of   their   rude   tribes;   and   heard   them   tell   the   story   of   the   victory   which
  Damel;      the   negro    prince    of   the   Jaloffs;   won    over    Abdulkader;      the
  Mussulman tyrant of Foota Torra。 This species of poetry attained a high
  degree   of   excellence   among   the   Castilians;   before   they   began   to   copy
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  Tuscan patterns。 It attained a still higher degree of excellence among the
  English   and   the   Lowland   Scotch;   during   the   fourteenth;   fifteenth;   and
  sixteenth centuries。 But it reached its full perfection in ancient Greece; for
  there can be no doubt that the great Homeric poems are generically ballads;
  though      widely    distinguished      from    all  other   ballads;    and   indeed    from
  almost      all  other   human      composition;       by   transcendent      sublimity     and
  beauty。
  As it is agreeable to general experience that; at a certain stage in the
  progress of society; ballad…poetry should flourish; so is it also agreeable to
  general experience that; at a subsequent stage in the progress of society;
  ballad…poetry should be undervalued and neglected。 Knowledge advances;
  manners   change;   great   foreign   models   of   composition   are   studied   and
  imitated。   The   phraseology   of   the   old   minstrels   becomes   obsolete。   Their
  versification; which; having received its laws only from the ear; abounds
  in   irregularities;   seems   licentious   and   uncouth。   Their   simplicity   appears
  beggarly   when   compared   with   the   quaint   forms   and   gaudy   coloring   of
  such artists as Cowley and Gongora。 The ancient lays; unjustly despised
  by the learned and polite; linger for a time in the memory of the vulgar;
  and are at length too often irretrievably lost。 We cannot wonder that the
  ballads of Rome should have altogether disappeared; when we remember
  how very narrowly; in spite of the invention of printing; those of our own
  country  and   those of   Spain   escaped   the   same   fate。 There   is   indeed   little
  doubt   that   oblivion   covers   many   English   songs   equal   to   any   that   were
  published by Bishop Percy; and many Spanish songs as good as the best of
  those which have been so happily translated by Mr。 Lockhart。 Eighty years
  ago   England   possessed  only  one   tattered   copy  of   Childe Waters   and   Sir
  Cauline; and Spain only one tattered copy of the noble poem of the Cid。
  The   snuff   of   a   candle;   or   a   mischievous   dog;   might   in   a   moment   have
  deprived the world forever of any of those fine compositions。 Sir Walter
  Scott;   who   united   to   the   fire   of   a   great   poet   the   minute   curiosity   and
  patient   diligence   of   a   great   antiquary;   was   but   just   in   time   to   save   the
  precious relics of the Minstrelsy of the Border。 In Germany; the lay of the
  Nibelungs had been long utterly forgotten; when; in the eighteenth century;
  it was; for the first time; printed from a manuscript in the old library of a
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  noble family。 In truth; the only people who; through their whole passage
  from simplicity to the highest civilization; never for a moment ceased to
  love and admire their old ballads; were the Greeks。
  That   the   early   Romans   should   have   had   ballad…poetry;   and   that   this
  poetry   should   have   perished;   is   therefore   not   strange。   It   would;   on   the
  contrary; have been strange if these things had not come to pass; and we
  should be justified in pronouncing them highly probable even if we had no
  direct     evidence     on    the   subject。    But    we    have    direct    evidence     of
  unquestionable authority。
  Ennius;   who   flourished   in   the   time   of   the   Second   Punic   War;   was
  regarded in the Augustan age as the father of Latin poetry。 He was; in truth;
  the father of the second school of Latin poetry; the only school of which
  the works have  descended   to   us。  But from  Ennius himself  we  learn  that
  there were poets who stood to him in the same relation in which the author
  of the romance of Count Alarcos stood to Garcilaso; or the author of the
  Lytell   Geste   of   Robyn   Hode   to   Lord   Surrey。   Ennius   speaks   of   verses
  which the Fauns and the Bards were wont to chant in the old time; when
  none had yet studied the graces of speech; when none had yet climbed the
  peaks     sacred    to   the   Goddesses      of   Grecian     song。    ‘‘Where;''    Cicero
  mournfully asks; ‘‘are those old verses now?''
  Contemporary with Ennius was Quintus Fabius Pactor; the earliest of
  the   Roman   annalists。   His   account   of   the   infancy   and   youth   of   Romulus
  and     Remus     has   been    preserved     by   Dionysius;      and   contains     a  very
  remarkable reference to the ancient Latin poetry。 Fabius says that; in his
  time; his   countrymen   were  still in the  habit   of singing ballads   about   the
  Twins。 ‘‘Even in the hut of Faustulus;''so these old lays appear to have
  run;‘‘the children of Rhea and Mars were; in port and in spirit; not like
  unto swineherds or cowherds; but such that men might well guess them to
  be of the blood of kings and gods。''
  Cato the Censor; who also lived in the days of he Second Punic War;
  mentioned   this   lost   literature   in   his   lost   work   on   the   antiquities   of   his
  country。 Many ages; he said; before his time; there were ballads in praise
  of   illustrious   men;   and these  ballads   it   was   the  fashion   for  the guests   at
  banquets to sing in turn while the piper played。 ‘‘Would;'' exclaims Cicero;
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  ‘‘that we still had the old ballads of which Cato speaks!''
  Valerius      Maximus       gives    us   exactly     similar    information;      without
  mentioning   his   authority;   and   observes   that   the   ancient   Roman   ballads
  were   probably   of   more   benefit   to   the   young   than   all   the   lectures   of   the
  Athenian schools; and that to the influence of the national poetry were to
  be ascribed the virtues of such men as Camillus and Fabricus。
  Varro; whose authority on all questions connected with the antiquities
  of his country is entitled to the greatest respe