第 6 节
作者:闲来一看      更新:2022-11-23 12:13      字数:9314
  is mere striving and; therefore; a pressure directed towards the centre lying outside of them。
  § 214。
  The separation of the immediate connection in which such a body rests is a contingent condition;
  which the body; if confronted with an external impediment; suspends as motion; … relatively free
  motion in which the distancing from the body is not attributed as dependent; but the motion; if the
  impediment is removed; is immanent to the body and a manifestation of its own gravity。 This
  motion transforms itself for itself into rest。
  The attractive force of the sun; for example towards the planets; or of the earth towards those
  independent bodies belonging to it; seems to suggest the skewed view that the force would be an
  activity inhabiting the central body; and that the bodies found in its sphere would behave only
  passively and externally。 Thus absolute motion is also viewed; through the application of terms
  from common mechanics; as the dead conflict of an independent; tangential force and of a force
  deriving equally independently from the middle point; from which the body would be passively
  drawn。
  The Galilean law of falling; namely; that traversed spaces behave as the squares of transpired
  times; shows; in contrast to the abstract; homogeneous velocity of the lifeless mechanism; where
  spaces are proportional to times; the liberation of the conceptual determinations of time and space。
  In these terms the former has the determination of the root as the negative moment or principle of
  one; whereas the latter has the determination of the square as a being outside of itself more
  specifically; without another determinacy like that of the root; a coming outside of itself。 In this law
  both moments still remain in the relation; because the freedom of motion in falling; which is also
  conditioned; is only formal。 By contrast; in absolute motion there is the relation in its totality; since
  this is the realm of free measures in which each determinacy attains its totality。 Because the law is
  essentially relational; time and space are retained in their original difference。 Dimensionless time
  achieves therefore only a formal identity with itself; space; on the other hand; as positive being
  outside of itself achieves the dimension of the concept。 The Keplerian law is thus the relation of the
  cubes of the distances to the squares of the times;…a law which is so great because it simply and
  directly depicts the reason of the thing。 The Newtonian formula; however; which transforms it into
  a law for the force of gravity; exhibits only the perversion and inversion of reflection which has
  stopped halfway。
  § 215。
  (3) In the extremity of dependent bodies; general gravitation; which bodies have as matter toward
  each other; is subordinated to the gravitation which they have towards their shared central bodies。
  Towards each other; then; their motion is external and contingent; the cause of the motion is thrust
  and pressure。 In this common mechanical motion the size of the mass; which has no meaning in the
  fall; and the resistance; which the size achieves through its particular constitution; are moments of
  determination。 But because this motion contradicts the essential relation of the dependent body;
  namely; that relation to its central body; it suspends itself through itself in rest。 This necessity of the
  concept appears; however; in the sphere of externality; as an external impediment or friction。
  The law of inertia is initially taken from the nature of the motion of dependent bodies; for which the
  motion; because it involves the difference from themselves for themselves; is external。 But
  precisely for this reason rest is immanent to the bodies; namely; the identity with the centre lying
  outside of them。 Their motion converts therefore essentially into rest; but not into absolute rest;
  rather into the pressure of striving towards their centre。 This centre; if it is to be seen as a striving
  moment; is at the least the transformation of that external movement into the striving which
  constitutes the nature of the body。
  The individual impediment; or the general one; the friction; is external; to be sure; but also
  necessary。 It is the manifestation of that transition posited by the concept of the dependent body。
  And precisely this can also be found in consideration of the pendulum; the motion of which; it is
  said; would continue without stopping if friction could be removed。
  For itself the law of inertia expresses nothing but the fixation of the understanding on the
  abstractions of rest and motion; which state that rest is only rest and motion is only motion。 The
  transformation of these abstractions into each other; which is the concept; is for the understanding
  something external。 This law of inertia; together with thrust; attraction; and other determinations
  have been inadmissibly transposed from common mechanics into absolute mechanics; where
  motion is rather to be found in its free concept。
  § 216。
  The difference between central and dependent bodies is in the implicit being of gravity; whose
  identical nature is its existence。 The dependent body has the beginning of the real difference as the
  being outside of itself of the gravity identical to itself; the dependent body has only a negative
  centre and therefore can only move around the centre simply as mass。 The determinacy of its
  motion is not in and for itself but refers back to a factor which is the mass of the other; so that their
  sizes can be exchanged; and the motion remains the same。
  § 217。
  This externality of determinate being constitutes the special determinacy of matter。 But in this it
  does not remain limited by a quantitative difference; rather the difference is essentially a qualitative
  one; so that the determinacy of matter constitutes its being。
  The empty abstraction of formless matter contains a merely quantitative difference and views its
  further determinacy as a form inessential to it。 Even the forces of attraction and repulsion are
  supposed to influence it externally。 Since it is the concept positing itself outside of itself it is so
  identical to the specific form that the form constitutes its special nature。
  B。
  Elementary Physics
  § 218。
  Gravity; as the essence of matter existing in itself only inner identity; transforms; since its concept is
  the essential externality; into the manifestation of the essence。 As such it is the totality of the
  determinations of reflection; but these as thrown apart from each other; so that each appears as
  particular; qualified matter which; not yet determined as individuality; is a formless element。
  The determination of an element is the being for itself of matter as it finds its point of unity in the
  concept; though this does not yet have to do with the determination of a physical element; which is
  still real matter; a totality of its qualities existing in itself。
  (a) Elementary Particles
  § 219。
  (1) Matter in its first elementary state is pure identity; not inwardly; but as existing; that is; the
  relation to itself determined as independent in contrast to the other determinations of totality。 This
  existing self of matter is light。
  § 220。
  As the abstract self of matter; light is absolutely lightweight; and as matter; infinite; but as material
  ideality it is inseparable and simple being outside of itself。
  In the Oriental intuition of the substantial unity of the spiritual and the natural; the pure selfhood of
  consciousness; thought identical with itself as the abstraction of the true and the good is one with
  light。 When the conception which has been called realistic denies that ideality is present in nature; it
  need only be referred to light; to that pure manifestation which is nothing but manifestation。
  Heavy matter is divisible into masses; since it is concrete identity and quantity; but in the highly
  abstract ideality of light there is no such distinction; a limitation of light in its infinite expansion does
  not suspend its absolute connection。 The conception of discrete; simple; rays of light; and of
  particles and bundles of them which are supposed to constitute light in its limited expansion;
  belongs among the rest of the conceptual barbarism which has; particularly since Newton; become
  dominant in physics。 The indivisibility of light in its infinite expansion; a reality outside of itself that
  remains self…identical; can least of all be treated as incomprehensible by the understanding; for its
  own principle is rather this abstract identity。
  Astronomers have come to speak of celestial phenomena which are perceived by us five hundred
  years and more after their actual occurrence。 In this one can see; on the one hand; empirical
  manifestations of the propagation of light; carried over from a sphere where they obtain into
  another where they have no meaning; but on the other hand a