第 1 节
作者:闲来一看      更新:2022-11-23 12:13      字数:9212
  Philosophy of Nature
  by Hegel
  Table of Contents
  Preliminary
  §  192 Nature has presented itself as the idea in the form of otherness。
  §  193 Hence nature exhibits no freedom in its existence; but only necessity and contingency。
  §  194 Nature is to be viewed as a system of stages; in which one stage necessarily arises from
  the other。
  §  195 Nature is; in itself a living whole。
  §  196 The idea as nature can be named mathematics; physics; and physiology。
  PART I: Mathematics
  §  197 The immediate determination of nature is the abstract generality of its
  self…externality;…Space。
  §  198 The three dimensions are merely diverse and quite indeterminate。
  §  199 The relation of the point to space is the line; and the line passes over into the plane。
  §  200 Negativity; thus posited for itself is time。
  §  201 Time; as the negative unity of being outside of itself; is just as thoroughly abstract; ideal
  being。
  §  202 The dimensions of time; the present; future; and past; are only that which is becoming and
  its dissolution。
  §  203 Space and time constitute the idea in and for itself; with space the real or immediately
  objective side and time the purely subjective side。
  PART II: Inorganic Physics
  §  204 The unity of attraction and repulsion is gravity。
  §  205 Matter is only (1) matter existing in itself or general; (2) elementary matter; and (3)
  Individualised matter。
  A。 Mechanics
  §  206 Matter; as simply general; has at first only a quantitative difference。
  §  208 The body is the indifferent content of space and time; in contrast to this form。
  §  208 As the unity which binds time & space; the body essentially has motion; and the
  appearance of gravity。
  §  209 In motion; time posits itself spatially as place; but this indifferent spatiality becomes
  temporal。
  §  210 Gravitation is the true and determinate concept of material corporeality。
  §  211 One body; therefore; is the general center of being in itself。; the particular bodies are
  others。
  §  212 What Kepler articulated in the form of laws of celestial motion; Newton converted into the
  nonconceptual; reflective form of the force of gravity。
  §  213 Lack their own centrality is striving towards the center lying outside of them。
  §  214 The Galilean law of falling the liberation of the conceptual determinations of time and
  space。
  §  215 The law of inertia is taken from the nature of the motion of dependent bodies; for which
  the motion is external。
  §  216 The difference between central and dependent bodies is in the implicit being of gravity。
  §  217 The determinacy of matter constitutes its being。
  B。 Elementary Physics
  §  218 The determination of an element is the being for itself of matter。
  ___(a) Elementary Particles
  §  219 This existing self of matter is light。
  §  220 As the abstract self of matter; light is absolutely lightweight; and as matter; infinite。
  §  221 The ineptitude; tastelessness; even dishonesty of Newton's observations and
  experimentations。
  §  222 Light is the active identity which posits everything as identical。
  §  223 The lunar and the cometary body。
  §  224 The earth or the planet。
  ___(b) The Elements
  §  225 The body of individuality constitute general physical elements。
  §  226 Air is a transparent but just as elastic fluid; which absorbs and penetrates everything。
  §  227 Fire is materialised time。
  §  228 Water can assume a gaseous and a solid state apart from its characteristic state of internal
  indeterminacy。
  §  229 Earth is the element of the developed difference。
  ___(c) The Elementary Process
  §  230 The meteorological process。
  §  231 The earth is continuously ignited by its primordial relationship to the sun。
  §  232 The thunderstorm。
  §  233 The elements present themselves as being unified together in concrete points of unity。
  C。 The Physics of Individuality
  §  234 The individual body is matter; brought together by the particularity of the elements。
  ___(a) Shape
  §  235 Shape is the specific inward coherence of matter and its external border in space。
  §  236 Density of matter; the relation of the weight of its mass to the volume。
  §  237 Brittleness。
  §  238 Magnetism。
  §  239 The sphere; the shape of the real absence of shape。
  §  240 Cohesion。
  §  241 Crystallisation。
  §  242 The body retains its individual determinacy in resistance to external force。
  §  243 Noise。
  §  244 Capacity for heat。
  ___(b) The Particularisation of Differences
  §  245 The ancient; general idea that each body consists of the four elements。
  §  246 Opacity; colour; odour saltiness; acidity; and taste。
  §  247 These bodies are isolated from each other; but as individuals they also stand in relation to
  each other。
  §  248 Sound; electricity。
  §  249 Positive and negative electricity is an instance of how empiricism suspends itself。
  §  250 The chemical process。
  ___(c) The Process of Isolation
  §  251 The chemical process has its products as a presupposition。
  §  252 The decomposition of water into opposed moments。
  §  253 Oxidation。
  §  254 Nitrogen。
  §  255 Nitrogen; oxygen; hydrogen and carbon;。
  §  256 Salt。
  §  257 Empirical chemistry orders the products according to superficial and abstract
  determinations。
  §  258 The chemical process is; in general terms; life。
  §  259 The immediate chemical process; — the organism。
  PART III: Organic Physics
  §  260 The individual body has attained selfhood and become subjective。 。。。 the idea has entered
  into existence; initially as an immediate existence; Life。
  A。 Geological Nature
  §  261 Presupposed by subjective totality itself the body of the earth is only the shape of the
  organism。
  §  262 Forms manifest themselves as the unfolding of an underlying idea; a past one。
  §  263 Mountain ranges; and so on。
  §  264 The physical organisation of the earth shows a series of stages of granitic activity。
  §  265 General individuality now emerges for itself and life becomes vital or real。
  B。 Vegetable Nature
  §  266 The plant differentiates itself into distinct parts and falls into pieces as several individuals。
  §  267 Reproduction of the single individual coincides in this way with the process of genus
  formation。
  §  268 Life is essentially the concept which realises itself only through self…division and
  reunification。
  §  269 The plant is torn out of itself by light and multiplied into a multiplicity。
  §  270 The plant brings forth its light as its own self in the blossom。
  §  271 The plant in this way offers itself as a sacrifice。
  §  272 The plant suspends the immediate individuality; and grounds the transition into the higher
  organism。
  C。 Animal Organism
  §  273 In its outward process the organism inwardly preserves the unity of the self。
  §  274 The animal has contingent self…movement because its subjectivity is ideality torn from
  gravity。
  §  275 It is only as a selfreproducing entity; not as an existing one; that the animal organism is
  living。
  §  276 Sensibility; irritability and reproduction。。
  §  277 The animal divides itself into three systems; the head; thorax; and the abdomen。
  §  278 The idea of the living organism is the manifested unity of the concept with its reality。
  §  279 The simple feeling of self。
  §  280 Animal organisation differentiates itself into the multiple sensory qualities of inorganic
  nature。
  §  281 The senses。
  §  282 Only what is living feels a lack。
  §  283 The animal is an individual entity; and therefore turns back constantly from its satisfaction
  to need。
  §  284 The seizure of the external object is the beginning of the unification of the object with the
  living animal。
  §  285 The opposition of the subject to its immediate assimilation。
  §  286 Digestion。
  §  287 The end product of its activity are that which it already is originally and at the beginning。
  §  288 Sexual difference。
  §  289 Sex drive。
  §  290 The inadequacy of its single actuality drives each to have its self…feeling only in the other of
  its genus。
  §  291 The product is only implicitly this genus and distinct from the individuals which have
  perished in it。
  §  292 Comparative anatomy seeks to arrange its material to accord with reason。
  §  293 The individual organism can not accord with its determination。
  §  294 Disease; fever and healing。
  §  295 Medicine provokes the organism to remove the inorganic power with which it is
  entangled。
  §  296 The animal's subjectivity is only the concept in itself but not itself for itself 。
  §  297 In death the individual achieves only an abstract objectivity。
  §  298 Nature passes over into its truth; the subjectivity of the concept; whose objectivity is itself
  the suspended immediacy of individuality; the concrete generality; the concept which has the
  concept as its existence — into the Spirit。
  Preliminary Concepts
  § 192。
  Nature has presented itself as the idea in the form of otherness。
  Since in nature the idea is as the negative of itself or is exte