by　themselves　are　insufficient　for　determining　the　value；　and　the
  best　adepts　of　the　higher　criticism　accordingly　never　confound
  the　existential　with　the　spiritual　problem。　　With　the　same
  conclusions　of　fact　before　them；　some　take　one　view；　and　some
  another；　of　the　Bible's　value　as　a　revelation；　according　as　their
  spiritual　judgment　as　to　the　foundation　of　values　differs。
  I　make　these　general　remarks　about　the　two　sorts　of　judgment；
  because　there　are　many　religious　personssome　of　you　now
  present；　possibly；　are　among　themwho　do　not　yet　make　a　working
  use　of　the　distinction；　and　who　may　therefore　feel　first　a　little
  startled　at　the　purely　existential　point　of　view　from　which　in
  the　following　lectures　the　phenomena　of　religious　experience　must
  be　considered。　　When　I　handle　them　biologically　and
  psychologically　as　if　they　were　mere　curious　facts　of　individual
  history；　some　of　you　may　think　it　a　degradation　of　so　sublime　a
  subject；　and　may　even　suspect　me；　until　my　purpose　gets　more
  fully　expressed；　of　deliberately　seeking　to　discredit　the
  religious　side　of　life。
  Such　a　result　is　of　course　absolutely　alien　to　my　intention；　and
  since　such　a　prejudice　on　your　part　would　seriously　obstruct　the
  due　effect　of　much　of　what　I　have　to　relate；　I　will　devote　a　few
  more　words　to　the　point。
  There　can　be　no　doubt　that　as　a　matter　of　fact　a　religious　life；
  exclusively　pursued；　does　tend　to　make　the　person　exceptional　and
  eccentric。　　I　speak　not　now　of　your　ordinary　religious　believer；
  who　follows　the　conventional　observances　of　his　country；　whether
  it　be　Buddhist；　Christian；　or　Mohammedan。　　His　religion　has　been
  made　for　him　by　others；　communicated　to　him　by　tradition；
  determined　to　fixed　forms　by　imitation；　and　retained　by　habit。
  It　would　profit　us　little　to　study　this　second…hand　religious
  life。　　We　must　make　search　rather　for　the　original　experiences
  which　were　the　pattern…setters　to　all　this　mass　of　suggested
  feeling　and　imitated　conduct。　　These　experiences　we　can　only　find
  in　individuals　for　whom　religion　exists　not　as　a　dull　habit；　but
  as　an　acute　fever　rather。　　But　such　individuals　are　〃geniuses〃　in
  the　religious　line；　and　like　many　other　geniuses　who　have　brought
  forth　fruits　effective　enough　for　commemoration　in　the　pages　of
  biography；　such　religious　geniuses　have　often　shown　symptoms　of
  nervous　instability。　　Even　more　perhaps　than　other　kinds　of
  genius；　religious　leaders　have　been　subject　to　abnormal　psychical
  visitations。　　Invariably　they　have　been　creatures　of　exalted
  emotional　sensibility。　　Often　they　have　led　a　discordant　inner
  life；　and　had　melancholy　during　a　part　of　their　career。　　They
  have　known　no　measure；　been　liable　to　obsessions　and　fixed　ideas；
  and　frequently　they　have　fallen　into　trances；　heard　voices；　seen
  visions；　and　presented　all　sorts　of　peculiarities　which　are
  ordinarily　classed　as　pathological。　　Often；　moreover；　these
  pathological　features　in　their　career　have　helped　to　give　them
  their　religious　authority　and　influence。
  If　you　ask　for　a　concrete　example；　there　can　be　no　better　one
  than　is　furnished　by　the　person　of　George　Fox。　　The　Quaker
  religion　which　he　founded　is　something　which　it　is　impossible　to
  overpraise。　　In　a　day　of　shams；　it　was　a　religion　of　veracity
  rooted　in　spiritual　inwardness；　and　a　return　to　something　more
  like　the　original　gospel　truth　than　men　had　ever　known　in
  England。　　So　far　as　our　Christian　sects　today　are　evolving　into
  liberality；　they　are　simply　reverting　in　essence　to　the　position
  which　Fox　and　the　early　Quakers　so　long　ago　assumed。　　No　one　can
  pretend　for　a　moment　that　in　point　of　spiritual　sagacity　and
  capacity；　Fox's　mind　was　unsound。　　Everyone　who　confronted　him
  personally；　from　Oliver　Cromwell　down　to　county　magistrates　and
  jailers；　seems　to　have　acknowledged　his　superior　power。　　Yet　from
  the　point　of　view　of　his　nervous　constitution；　Fox　was　a
  psychopath　or　detraque　of　the　deepest　dye。　　His　Journal　abounds
  in　entries　of　this　sort：
  〃As　I　was　walking　with　several　friends；　I　lifted　up　my　head　and
  saw　three　steeple…house　spires；　and　they　struck　at　my　life。　　I
  asked　them　what　place　that　was？　　They　said；　Lichfield。
  Immediately　the　word　of　the　Lord　came　to　me；　that　I　must　go
  thither。　　Being　come　to　the　house　we　were　going　to；　I　wished　the
  friends　to　walk　into　the　house；　saying　nothing　to　them　of　whither
  I　was　to　go。　　As　soon　as　they　were　gone　I　stept　away；　and　went　by
  my　eye　over　hedge　and　ditch　till　I　came　within　a　mile　of
  Lichfield　where；　in　a　great　field；　shepherds　were　keeping　their
  sheep。　　Then　was　I　commanded　by　the　Lord　to　pull　off　my　shoes。　　I
  stood　still；　for　it　was　winter：　but　the　word　of　the　Lord　was　like
  a　fire　in　me。　　So　I　put　off　my　shoes　and　left　them　with　the
  shepherds；　and　the　poor　shepherds　trembled；　and　were　astonished。
  Then　I　walked　on　about　a　mile；　and　as　soon　as　I　was　got　within
  the　city；　the　word　of　the　Lord　came　to　me　again；　saying：　Cry；　'Wo
  to　the　bloody　city　of　Lichfield！'　So　I　went　up　and　down　the
  streets；　crying　with　a　loud　voice；　Wo　to　the　bloody　city　of
  Lichfield！　　It　being　market　day；　I　went　into　the　market…place；
  and　to　and　fro　in　the　several　parts　of　it；　and　made　stands；
  crying　as　before；　Wo　to　the　bloody　city　of　Lichfield！　　And　no　one
  laid　hands　on　me。　　As　I　went　thus　crying　through　the　streets；
  there　seemed　to　me　to　be　a　channel　of　blood　running　down　the
  streets；　and　the　market…place　appeared　like　a　pool　of　blood。　When
  I　had　declared　what　was　upon　me；　and　felt　myself　clear；　I　went
  out　of　the　town　in　peace；　and　returning　to　the　shepherds　gave
  them　some　money；　and　took　my　shoes　of　them　again。　　But　the　fire
  of　the　Lord　was　so　on　my　feet；　and　all　over　me；　that　I　did　not
  matter　to　put　on　my　shoes　again；　and　was　at　a　stand　whether　I
  should　or　no；　till　I　felt　freedom　from　the　Lord　so　to　do：　then；
  after　I　had　washed　my　feet；　I　put　on　my　shoes　again。　After　this　a
  deep　consideration　came　upon　me；　for　what　reason　I　should　be　sent
  to　cry　against　that　city；　and　call　it　The　bloody　city！　　For
  though　the　parliament　had　the　minister　one　while；　and　the　king
  another；　and　much　blood　had　been　shed　in　the　town　during　the　wars
  between　them；　yet　there　was　no　more　than　had　befallen　many　other
  places。　　But　afterwards　I　came　to　understand；　that　in　the　Emperor
  Diocletian's　time　a　thousand　Christians　were　martyr'd　in
  Lichfield。　　So　I　was　to　go；　without　my　shoes；　through　the
  channel　of　their　blood；　and　into　the　pool　of　their　blood　in　the
  market…place；　that　I　might　raise　up　the　memorial　of　the　blood　of
  those　martyrs；　which　had　been　shed　above　a　thousand　years　before；
  and　lay　cold　in　their　streets。　　So　the　sense　of　this　blood　was
  upon　me；　and　I　obeyed　the　word　of　the　Lord。〃
  Bent　as　we　are　on　studying　religion's　existential　conditions；　we
  cannot　possibly　ignore　these　pathological　aspects　of　the　subject。
  We　must　describe　and　name　them　just　as　if　they　occurred　in
  non…religious　men。　　It　is　true　that　we　instinctively　recoil　from
  seeing　an　object　to　which　our　emotions　and　affections　are
  committed　handled　by　the　intellect　as　any　other　object　is
  handled。　　The　first　thing　the　intellect　does　with　an　object　is　to
  class　it　along　with　something　else。　　But　any　object　that　is
  infinitely　important　to　us　and　awakens　our　devotion　feels　to　us
  also　as　if　it　must　be　sui　generis　and　unique。　　Probably　a　crab
  would　be　filled　with　a　sense　of　personal　outrage　if　it　could　hear
  us　class　it　without　ado　or　apology　as　a　crustacean；　and　thus
  dispose　of　it。　　〃I　am　no　such　thing；　it　would　say；　I　am　MYSELF；
  MYSELF　alone。
  The　next　thing　the　intellect　does　is　to　lay　bare　the　causes　in
  which　the　thing　originates。　　Spinoza　says：　〃I　will　analyze　the
  actions　and　appetites　of　men　as　if　it　were　a　question　of　lines；
  of　planes；　and　of　solids。〃　　And　elsewhere　he　remarks　that　he
  will　consider　our　passions　and　their　properties　with　the　same　eye
  with　which　he　looks　on　all　other　natural　things；　since　the
  consequences　of　our　affections　flow　from　their　nature　with　the
  same　necessity　as　it　results　from　the　nature　of　a　triangle　that
  its　three　angles　should　be　equal　to　two　right　angles。　　Similarly
  M。　Taine；　in　the　introduction　to　his　history　of　English
  literature；　has　written：　〃Whether　facts　be　moral　or　physical；　it
  makes　no　matter。　　They　always　have　their　causes。　　There　are
  causes　for　ambition；　courage；　veracity；　just　as　there　are　for
  digestion；　muscula