indeed；　they　delight　in　being　thus　rewarded　by　men；　and　grant　favors
  in　return；　for　it　is　likely　that　the　rich　sacrifice　more　to　the
  gods；　and　dedicate　more　votive　offerings；　inasmuch　as　they　have
  wealth；　and　worship　the　gods；　whereas　the　poor；　from　want；　do　less
  in　this　way；　and；　moreover；　upbraid　the　gods　for　not　giving　them
  wealth；　so　that　those　who　have　few　possessions　were　more　likely　to
  bear　the　punishments　of　these　offences　than　the　rich。　But；　as　I
  formerly　said；　these　affections　are　divine　just　as　much　as　others；　for
  each　springs　from　a　natural　cause；　and　this　disease　arises　among　the
  Scythians　from　such　a　cause　as　I　have　stated。　But　it　attacks　other　men
  in　like　manner；　for　whenever　men　ride　much　and　very　frequently　on
  horseback；　then　many　are　affected　with　rheums　in　the　joints；　sciatica；
  and　gout；　and　they　are　inept　at　venery。　But　these　complaints　befall
  the　Scythians；　and　they　are　the　most　impotent　of　men　for　the　aforesaid
  causes；　and　because　they　always　wear　breeches；　and　spend　the　most　of
  their　time　on　horseback；　so　as　not　to　touch　their　privy　parts　with　the
  hands；　and　from　the　cold　and　fatigue　they　forget　the　sexual　desire；
  and　do　not　make　the　attempt　until　after　they　have　lost　their　virility。
  Thus　it　is　with　the　race　of　the　Scythians。
  23。　The　other　races　in　Europe　differ　from　one　another；　both　as　to
  stature　and　shape；　owing　to　the　changes　of　the　seasons；　which　are　very
  great　and　frequent；　and　because　the　heat　is　strong；　the　winters
  severe；　and　there　are　frequent　rains；　and　again　protracted　droughts；
  and　winds；　from　which　many　and　diversified　changes　are　induced。
  These　changes　are　likely　to　have　an　effect　upon　generation　in　the
  coagulation　of　the　semen；　as　this　process　cannot　be　the　same　in　summer
  as　in　winter；　nor　in　rainy　as　in　dry　weather；　wherefore；　I　think；　that
  the　figures　of　Europeans　differ　more　than　those　of　Asiatics；　and
  they　differ　very　much　from　one　another　as　to　stature　in　the　same　city；
  for　vitiations　of　the　semen　occur　in　its　coagulation　more　frequently
  during　frequent　changes　of　the　seasons；　than　where　they　are　alike
  and　equable。　And　the　same　may　be　said　of　their　dispositions；　for　the
  wild；　and　unsociable；　and　the　passionate　occur　in　such　a　constitution；
  for　frequent　excitement　of　the　mind　induces　wildness；　and　extinguishes
  sociableness　and　mildness　of　disposition；　and　therefore　I　think　the
  inhabitants　of　Europe　more　courageous　than　those　of　Asia；　for　a
  climate　which　is　always　the　same　induces　indolence；　but　a　changeable
  climate；　laborious　exertions　both　of　body　and　mind；　and　from　rest
  and　indolence　cowardice　is　engendered；　and　from　laborious　exertions
  and　pains；　courage。　On　this　account　the　inhabitants　of　Europe　are　than
  the　Asiatics；　and　also　owing　to　their　institutions；　because　they　are
  not　governed　by　kings　like　the　latter；　for　where　men　are　governed　by
  kings　there　they　must　be　very　cowardly；　as　I　have　stated　before；　for
  their　souls　are　enslaved；　and　they　will　not　willingly；　or　readily
  undergo　dangers　in　order　to　promote　the　power　of　another；　but　those
  that　are　free　undertake　dangers　on　their　own　account；　and　not　for
  the　sake　of　others；　they　court　hazard　and　go　out　to　meet　it；　for
  they　themselves　bear　off　the　rewards　of　victory；　and　thus　their
  institutions　contribute　not　a　little　to　their　courage。
  Such　is　the　general　character　of　Europe　and　Asia。
  24。　And　there　are　in　Europe　other　tribes；　differing　from　one　another
  in　stature；　shape；　and　courage：　the　differences　are　those　I　formerly
  mentioned；　and　will　now　explain　more　clearly。　Such　as　inhabit　a
  country　which　is　mountainous；　rugged；　elevated；　and　well　watered；
  and　where　the　changes　of　the　seasons　are　very　great；　are　likely　to
  have　great　variety　of　shapes　among　them；　and　to　be　naturally　of　an
  enterprising　and　warlike　disposition；　and　such　persons　are　apt　to　have
  no　little　of　the　savage　and　ferocious　in　their　nature；　but　such　as
  dwell　in　places　which　are　low…lying；　abounding　in　meadows　and　ill
  ventilated；　and　who　have　a　larger　proportion　of　hot　than　of　cold
  winds；　and　who　make　use　of　warm　waters…　these　are　not　likely　to　be
  of　large　stature　nor　well　proportioned；　but　are　of　a　broad　make；
  fleshy；　and　have　black　hair；　and　they　are　rather　of　a　dark　than　of　a
  light　complexion；　and　are　less　likely　to　be　phlegmatic　than　bilious；
  courage　and　laborious　enterprise　are　not　naturally　in　them；　but　may　be
  engendered　in　them　by　means　of　their　institutions。　And　if　there　be
  rivers　in　the　country　which　carry　off　the　stagnant　and　rain　water　from
  it；　these　may　be　wholesome　and　clear；　but　if　there　be　no　rivers；　but
  the　inhabitants　drink　the　waters　of　fountains；　and　such　as　are
  stagnant　and　marshy；　they　must　necessarily　have　prominent　bellies
  and　enlarged　spleens。　But　such　as　inhabit　a　high　country；　and　one　that
  is　level；　windy；　and　well…watered；　will　be　large　of　stature；　and
  like　to　one　another；　but　their　minds　will　be　rather　unmanly　and
  gentle。　Those　who　live　on　thin；　ill…watered；　and　bare　soils；　and　not
  well　attempered　in　the　changes　of　the　seasons；　in　such　a　country
  they　are　likely　to　be　in　their　persons　rather　hard　and　well　braced；
  rather　of　a　blond　than　a　dark　complexion；　and　in　disposition　and
  passions　haughty　and　self…willed。　For；　where　the　changes　of　the
  seasons　are　most　frequent；　and　where　they　differ　most　from　one
  another；　there　you　will　find　their　forms；　dispositions；　and　nature　the
  most　varied。　These　are　the　strongest　of　the　natural　causes　of
  difference；　and　next　the　country　in　which　one　lives；　and　the　waters；
  for；　in　general；　you　will　find　the　forms　and　dispositions　of　mankind
  to　correspond　with　the　nature　of　the　country；　for　where　the　land　is
  fertile；　soft；　and　well…watered；　and　supplied　with　waters　from　very
  elevated　situations；　so　as　to　be　hot　in　summer　and　cold　in　winter；　and
  where　the　seasons　are　fine；　there　the　men　are　fleshy；　have
  ill…formed　joints；　and　are　of　a　humid　temperament；　they　are　not
  disposed　to　endure　labor；　and；　for　the　most　part；　are　base　in
  spirit；　indolence　and　sluggishness　are　visible　in　them；　and　to　the
  arts　they　are　dull；　and　not　clever　nor　acute。　When　the　country　is
  bare；　not　fenced；　and　rugged；　blasted　by　the　winter　and　scorched　by
  the　sun；　there　you　may　see　the　hardy；　hardy；　slender；　with　well…shaped
  joints；　well…braced；　and　shaggy；　sharp；　industry　and　vigilance
  accompany　such　a　constitution；　in　morals　and　passions　they　are　haughty
  and　opinionative；　inclining　rather　to　the　fierce　than　to　the　mild；　and
  you　will　find　them　acute　and　ingenious　as　regards　the　arts；　and
  excelling　in　military　affairs；　and　likewise　all　the　other
  productions　of　the　earth　corresponding　to　the　earth　itself。　Thus　it　is
  with　regard　to　the　most　opposite　natures　and　shapes；　drawing
  conclusions　from　them；　you　may　judge　of　the　rest　without　any　risk　of
  error。
  …THE　END…