第 13 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  satisfactory   visit   to   the   prison   we   drove   back   to   the   station。   Larin;   who
  was   very   disheartened;   realizing   that   he   had   lost   much   support   in   the
  course   of   the   discussion;   settled   down   to   work;   and   buried   himself   in   a
  mass of statistics。       I prepared to go to bed; but we had hardly got into the
  car when there was a tap at the door and a couple of railwaymen came in。
  They explained that a few hundred yards away along the line a concert and
  entertainment   arranged   by   the   Jaroslavl   railwaymen   was   going   on;   and
  that their committee; hearing that Radek was at the station; had sent them
  to ask him to come over and say a few words to them if he were not too
  tired。
  〃Come   along;〃   said   Radek;   and   we   walked   in   the   dark   along   the
  railway lines to a big one…story wooden shanty; where an electric lamp lit a
  great   placard;   〃Railwaymen's   Reading   Room。〃              We   went   into   a   packed
  hall。    Every  seat   was   occupied   by  railway  workers   and   their   wives   and
  children。   The   gangways   on   either   side   were   full   of   those   who   had   not
  found room on the benches。              We wriggled and pushed our way through
  this crowd; who were watching a play staged and acted by the railwaymen
  themselves; to a side door; through which we climbed up into the wings;
  and   slid   across   the   stage   behind   the   scenery   into   a   tiny   dressing…room。
  Here   Radek   was   laid   hold   of   by   the   Master   of   the   Ceremonies;   who;   it
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  seemed;  was   also   part   editor   of   a   railwaymen's   newspaper;   and   made   to
  give a long account of the
  present situation of Soviet Russia's Foreign Affairs。 The little box of a
  room filled to   a solid   mass   as policemen;  generals   and ladies of   the   old
  regime     threw    off  their  costumes;     and;   in  their  working     clothes;    plain
  signalmen and engine…drivers; pressed round to listen。 When the act ended;
  one of the railwaymen went to the front of the stage and announced that
  Radek; who had lately come back after imprisonment in Germany for the
  cause of revolution; was going to talk to them about the general state of
  affairs。    I   saw   Radek   grin   atthis   forecast   of   his   speech。  I   understood
  why;     when    he   began    to  speak。    He    led   off  by   a  direct   and   furious
  onslaught on the railway workers in general; demanding work; work and
  more work; telling them that as the Red Army had been the vanguard of
  the revolution hitherto; and had starved and fought and given lives to save
  those at home from Denikin and Kolchak; so now it was the turn of the
  railway   workers   on   whose   efforts   not   only   the   Red   Army   but   also   the
  whole future of Russia depended。              He addressed himself to the women;
  telling    them     in   very    bad   Russian      that   unless    their   men     worked
  superhumanly they would see their babies die from starvation next winter。
  I   saw   women   nudge   their   husbands   as   they   listened。     Instead   of   giving
  them a pleasant; interesting sketch of the international position; which; no
  doubt; was what they had expected; he took the opportunity to tell them
  exactly how things stood at home。             And the amazing thing was that they
  seemed to be pleased。           They listened with extreme attention; wanted   to
  turn out some one who had a sneezing fit at the far end of the hall; and
  nearly     lifted  the   roof   off  with    cheering    when     Radek     had   done。     I
  wondered       what    sort  of  reception    a  man    would     have   who    in   another
  country interrupted a play to hammer home truths about the need of work
  into an audience of working men who had gathered solely for the purpose
  of legitimate recreation。        It was not as if he sugared the medicine he gave
  them。     His   speech   was   nothing   but   demands   for   discipline   and   work;
  coupled with prophecy of disaster in case work and discipline failed。                      It
  was   delivered   like   all   his   speeches;   with   a   strong   Polish   accent   and   a
  steady succession of mistakes in grammar。
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  As   we   walked   home   along   the   railway   lines;   half   a   dozen   of   the
  railwaymen pressed around Radek; and almost fought with each other as
  to who should walk next to him。 And Radek entirely happy; delighted at
  his success in
  giving them a bombshell instead of a bouquet; with one stout fellow on
  one   arm;   another   on   the   other;   two   or   three   more   listening   in   front   and
  behind; continued rubbing it into them until we reached our wagon; when;
  after a general handshaking; they disappeared into the night。
  THE TRADE UNIONS
  Trade Unions in Russia are in a different position from that which is
  common   to   all   other  Trades   Unions   in   the   world。   In   other   countries   the
  Trades   Unions   are   a   force   with   whose   opposition   the   Government   must
  reckon。       In    Russia     the   Government        reckons     not   on   the    possible
  opposition of   the Trades   Unions; but on their help for   realizing its   most
  difficult measures; and for undermining and overwhelming any opposition
  which   those     measures   may   encounter。         The   Trades     Unions   in    Russia;
  instead of being an organization outside the State protecting the interests
  of   a   class   against   the   governing   class;   have   become   a   part   of   the   State
  organization。       Since;    during    the   present    period    of  the  revolution     the
  backbone   of   the   State   organization   is   the   Communist   Party;   the   Trade
  Unions have come to be practically an extension of the party organization。
  This; of course; would be indignantly denied both by Trade Unionists and
  Communists。         Still;   in  the   preface    to  the   All…Russian      Trades    Union
  Reports   for   1919;   Glebov;   one   of   the   best…known   Trade   Union   leaders
  whom   I     remember      in  the   spring   of   last  year   objecting    to  the  use   of
  bourgeois      specialists    in  their   proper    places;    admits    as   much     in  the
  following muddleheaded statement:…
  〃The   base   of   the   proletarian   dictatorship   is   the   Communist   Party;
  which in general directs all the political and economic work of the State;
  leaning; first of all; on the Soviets as on the more revolutionary form of
  dictatorship   of   the   proletariat;   and   secondly   on   the   Trades   Unions;       as
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  organizations      which    economically      unite   the   proletariat   of  factory   and
  workshop as the  vanguard of   the  revolution;  and   as organizations   of the
  new socialistic construction of the State。           Thus the Trade Unions must be
  considered       as   a   base    of   the   Soviet     State;   as   an   organic     form
  complementary to the other forms of the Proletariat Dictatorship。〃                   These
  two elaborate sentences constitute an admission of what I have just said。
  Trades   Unionists   of   other    countries   must   regard     the   fate   of  their
  Russian   colleagues   with   horror   or   with   satisfaction;   according   to   their
  views of events in Russia taken as a whole。                If they do not believe that
  there has been a social revolution in Russia; they must regard the present
  position of the Russian Trades Unions as the reward of a complete defeat
  of Trade Unionism; in which a Capitalist government has been able to lay
  violent    hands    on   the   organization     which    was   protecting    the   workers
  against it。    If; on the other hand; they believe that there has been a social
  revolution; so that the class organized in Trades Unions is now; identical
  with   the   governing;   class   (of   employers;   etc。)   against   which   the   unions
  once struggled; then they must regard the present position as a natural and
  satisfactory result of victory。
  When I was in Moscow in the spring of this year the Russian Trades
  Unions      received     a   telegram     from    the   Trades     Union     Congress      at
  Amsterdam;   a   telegram   which   admirably   illustrated   the   impossibility   of
  separating judg