第 2 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  pitched battle over the prostrate body of civilization; is directed to finding
  a   way   for     Russia   herself   out   of   the   crisis;   the   severity   of   which   can
  hardly be realized by people who have not visited the country again and
  again; and to bringing her as quickly as possible into a state in which she
  can export her raw materials and import the manufactured goods of which
  she stands in need。 I believe that this struggle is ours as well as Russia's;
  though      we   to  whom      the  threat   is  less   imminent;     are   less  desperately
  engaged。       Victory or defeat in this struggle in Russia; or anywhere else on
  the world's surface; is victory or defeat for every one。 The purpose of my
  book is to   make that clear。  For; bearing that   in mind; I  cannot but   think
  that every honest man; of whatever parity; who cares more for humanity
  than for politics; must do his utmost to postpone the conflict which a few
  extremists   on   each   side   of   the   barricades   so   fanatically   desire。   If   that
  conflict is indeed inevitable; its consequences
  will   be   less   devastating   to   a   Europe   cured   of   her   wounds   than   to   a
  Europe       scarcely;    even     by    the   most     hopeful;     to   be   described      as
  convalescent。        But the conflict may not be inevitable after all。               No man
  not   purblind   but   sees   that   Communist   Europe   is   changing   no   less   than
  Capitalist Europe。        If we succeed in postponing the struggle long enough;
  we     may   well   succeed   in   postponing   it   until   the   war…like   on   both   sides
  look in vain for the reasons of their bellicosity。
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  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  THE SHORTAGE OF THINGS
  Nothing can be more futile than to describe conditions in Russia as a
  sort of divine punishment for revolution; or indeed to describe them at all
  without emphasizing the fact that the crisis in Russia is part of the crisis in
  Europe; and has been in the main brought about like the revolution itself;
  by the same forces that have caused; for example; the crisis in Germany or
  the crisis in Austria。
  No country in Europe is capable of complete economic independence。
  In   spite   of   her   huge   variety   of   natural   resources;   the   Russian   organism
  seemed   in   1914   to   have   been   built   up   on   the   generous   assumption   that
  with Europe at least the country was to be permanently at peace; or at the
  lost to engage in military squabbles which could be reckoned in months;
  and     would    keep    up   the   prestige    of  the   autocracy     without     seriously
  hampering imports and exports。 Almost every country in Europe; with the
  exception of England; was better fitted to stand alone; was less completely
  specialized      in  a  single   branch    of  production。     England;     fortunately    for
  herself;   was   not   isolated   during   the   war;   and   will   not   become   isolated
  unless the development of the crisis abroad deprives her of her markets。
  England   produces   practically   no   food;   but   great   quantities   of   coal;   steel
  and   manufactured   goods。         Isolate   her   absolutely;   and   she   will   not   only
  starve;    but   will   stop   producing      manufactured       goods;    steel  and    coal;
  because those who usually produce these things will be getting nothing for
  their labor except money which they will be unable to use to buy dinners;
  because   there   will   be   no   dinners   to   buy。   That   supposititious   case   is   a
  precise     parallel   to  what    has    happened     in   Russia。     Russia     produced
  practically   no   manufactured   goods   (70   per   cent。   of   her   machinery   she
  received      from   abroad);     but   great   quantities    of  food。     The    blockade
  isolated her。     By the blockade I do not mean merely the childish stupidity
  committed by ourselves; but the blockade; steadily increasing in strictness;
  which   began   in August;   1914;   and   has   been   unnecessarily  prolonged   by
  our   stupidity。     The   war;   even   while   for   Russia   it   was   not   nominally   a
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  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  blockade; was so actually。          The use of tonnage was perforce restricted to
  the transport of the necessaries of war; and these were narrowly defined as
  shells;   guns   and   so   on;   things   which   do   not   tend   to   improve   a   country
  economically; but rather the reverse。            The imports from Sweden through
  Finland were no sort of make…weight for the loss of Poland and Germany。
  The war meant that Russia's ordinary imports practically ceased。                    It
  meant a strain on Russia; comparable to that which would have been put
  on England if the German submarine campaign had succeeded in putting
  an end to our imports of food from the Americas。                   From the moment of
  the Declaration of War; Russia was in the position of one 〃holding out;〃 of
  a   city   standing   a   siege   without   a   water   supply;   for   her   imports   were   so
  necessary to her economy that they may justly be considered as essential
  irrigation。    There     could   be   no   question     for   her  of   improvement;       of
  strengthening。       She was faced with the fact until the war should end she
  had    to  do   with   what    she   had;   and   that  the   things   she   had   formerly
  counted on importing would be replaced by guns and shells; to be used; as
  it turned out; in battering Russian property that happened to be in enemy
  hands。     She even learned that she had to develop gun…making and shell…
  making at home; at the expense of those other industries which to some
  small    extent    might    have   helped    her   to  keep   going。    And;     just  as   in
  England such a state of affairs would lead to a cessation of the output of
  iron and coal in which England is rich; so in Russia; in spite of her corn
  lands; it led to a shortage of food。
  The Russian peasant formerly produced food; for which he was paid
  in money。       With that money; formerly; he was able to clothe himself; to
  buy the tools of his labor; and further; though no doubt he never observed
  the fact; to pay for the engines and wagons that took his food to market。
  A  huge   percentage   of   the   clothes   and   the   tools   and   the   engines   and   the
  wagons and the rails came from abroad; and even those factories in Russia
  which   were   capable   of   producing   such   things   were;   in   many   essentials;
  themselves dependent upon imports。               Russian towns began to be hungry
  in   1915。    In   October   of   that   year   the   Empress   reported   to   the   Emperor
  that the shrewd Rasputin had seen in a vision that it was necessary to bring
  wagons   with   flour;   butter   and   sugar   from  Siberia;   and   proposed   that   for
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  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  three days nothing else should be done。              Then there would be no strikes。
  〃He     blesses   you    for  the   arrangement      of   these   trains。〃   In    1916    the
  peasants were burying their bread instead of bringing it to market。                   In the
  autumn of 1916 I remember telling certain most incredulous members of
  the English Government that there would be a most serious food shortage
  in Russia in the near future。         In 1917 came the upheaval of the revolution;
  in
  1918     peace;   but   for  Russia;    civil  war   and    the  continuance      of  the
  blockade。      By July; 1919; the rarity of manufactured goods was such that
  it was possible two hundred miles south of Moscow to obtain ten eggs for
  a   box   of   matches;    and   the   rarity  of  goods    requiring    distant   transport
  became   such   that   in   November;   1919;   in   Western   Russia;   the   peasants
  would sell me nothing for money; whereas my neighbor in the train bought
  all he wanted in exchange for small quantities of salt。
  It   was   not   even   as   if;  in vital   matters;  Russia started   the   war   in   a
  satisfactory   condition。       The   most   vital   of   all   questions   in   a   country   of
  huge      distances    must     necessarily     be   that    of   transport。     It    is  no
  exaggerationto say that only by fantastic efforts was Russian transport able
  to save its face and cover its worst deficiencies even before the war began。
  The extra strain put upon it by the transport of troops and the main