the　concern　of　themselves　alone；　and　to　declare　the　law　of　that
  direction；　and　this　declaration　can　only　be　made　by　their　majority。
  That　majority；　then；　has　a　right　to　depute　representatives　to　a
  convention；　and　to　make　the　constitution　what　they　think　will　be　the
  best　for　themselves。　　But　how　collect　their　voice？　　This　is　the　real
  difficulty。　　If　invited　by　private　authority；　or　county　or　district
  meetings；　these　divisions　are　so　large　that　few　will　attend；　and
  their　voice　will　be　imperfectly；　or　falsely　pronounced。　　Here；　then；
  would　be　one　of　the　advantages　of　the　ward　divisions　I　have　proposed。
  The　mayor　of　every　ward；　on　a　question　like　the　present；　would　call
  his　ward　together；　take　the　simple　yea　or　nay　of　its　members；　convey
  these　to　the　county　court；　who　would　hand　on　those　of　all　its　wards
  to　the　proper　general　authority；　and　the　voice　of　the　whole　people
  would　be　thus　fairly；　fully；　and　peaceably　expressed；　discussed；　and
  decided　by　the　common　reason　of　the　society。　　If　this　avenue　be　shut
  to　the　call　of　sufferance；　it　will　make　itself　heard　through　that　of
  force；　and　we　shall　go　on；　as　other　nations　are　doing；　in　the　endless
  circle　of　oppression；　rebellion；　reformation；　and　oppression；
  rebellion；　reformation；　again；　and　so　on　forever。
  These；　Sir；　are　my　opinions　of　the　governments　we　see　among
  men；　and　of　the　principles　by　which　alone　we　may　prevent　our　own　from
  falling　into　the　same　dreadful　track。　　I　have　given　them　at　greater
  length　than　your　letter　called　for。　　But　I　cannot　say　things　by
  halves；　and　I　confide　them　to　your　honor；　so　to　use　them　as　to
  preserve　me　from　the　gridiron　of　the　public　papers。　　If　you　shall
  approve　and　enforce　them；　as　you　have　done　that　of　equal
  representation；　they　may　do　some　good。　　If　not；　keep　them　to　yourself
  as　the　effusions　of　withered　age　and　useless　time。　　I　shall；　with　not
  the　less　truth；　assure　you　of　my　great　respect　and　consideration。
  〃NEVER　AN　INFIDEL；　IF　NEVER　A　PRIEST〃
  _To　Mrs。　Samuel　H。　Smith_
  _Monticello；　August　6；　1816_
  I　have　received；　dear　Madam；　your　very　friendly　letter　of　July
  21st；　and　assure　you　that　I　feel　with　deep　sensibility　its　kind
  expressions　towards　myself；　and　the　more　as　from　a　person　than　whom
  no　others　could　be　more　in　sympathy　with　my　own　affections。　　I　often
  call　to　mind　the　occasions　of　knowing　your　worth；　which　the　societies
  of　Washington　furnished；　and　none　more　than　those　derived　from　your
  much　valued　visit　to　Monticello。　　I　recognize　the　same　motives　of
  goodness　in　the　solicitude　you　express　on　the　rumor　supposed　to
  proceed　from　a　letter　of　mine　to　Charles　Thomson；　on　the　subject　of
  the　Christian　religion。　　It　is　true　that；　in　writing　to　the
  translator　of　the　Bible　and　Testament；　that　subject　was　mentioned；
  but　equally　so　that　no　adherence　to　any　particular　mode　of
  Christianity　was　there　expressed；　nor　any　change　of　opinions
  suggested。　　A　change　from　what？　the　priests　indeed　have　heretofore
  thought　proper　to　ascribe　to　me　religious；　or　rather　anti…religious
  sentiments；　of　their　own　fabric；　but　such　as　soothed　their
  resentments　against　the　act　of　Virginia　for　establishing　religious
  freedom。　　They　wished　him　to　be　thought　atheist；　deist；　or　devil；　who
  could　advocate　freedom　from　their　religious　dictations。　　But　I　have
  ever　thought　religion　a　concern　purely　between　our　God　and　our
  consciences；　for　which　we　were　accountable　to　him；　and　not　to　the
  priests。　　I　never　told　my　own　religion；　nor　scrutinized　that　of
  another。　　I　never　attempted　to　make　a　convert；　nor　wished　to　change
  another's　creed。　　I　have　ever　judged　of　the　religion　of　others　by
  their　lives；　and　by　this　test；　my　dear　Madam；　I　have　been　satisfied
  yours　must　be　an　excellent　one；　to　have　produced　a　life　of　such
  exemplary　virtue　and　correctness。　　For　it　is　in　our　lives；　and　not
  from　our　words；　that　our　religion　must　be　read。　　By　the　same　test　the
  world　must　judge　me。　　But　this　does　not　satisfy　the　priesthood。　　They
  must　have　a　positive；　a　declared　assent　to　all　their　interested
  absurdities。　　My　opinion　is　that　there　would　never　have　been　an
  infidel；　if　there　had　never　been　a　priest。　　The　artificial　structures
  they　have　built　on　the　purest　of　all　moral　systems；　for　the　purpose
  of　deriving　from　it　pence　and　power；　revolts　those　who　think　for
  themselves；　and　who　read　in　that　system　only　what　is　really　there。
  These；　therefore；　they　brand　with　such　nick…names　as　their　enmity
  chooses　gratuitously　to　impute。　　I　have　left　the　world；　in　silence；
  to　judge　of　causes　from　their　effects；　and　I　am　consoled　in　this
  course；　my　dear　friend；　when　I　perceive　the　candor　with　which　I　am
  judged　by　your　justice　and　discernment；　and　that；　notwithstanding　the
  slanders　of　the　saints；　my　fellow　citizens　have　thought　me　worthy　of
  trusts。　　The　imputations　of　irreligion　having　spent　their　force；　they
  think　an　imputation　of　change　might　now　be　turned　to　account　as　a
  holster　for　their　duperies。　　I　shall　leave　them；　as　heretofore；　to
  grope　on　in　the　dark。
  Our　family　at　Monticello　is　all　in　good　health；　Ellen　speaking
  of　you　with　affection；　and　Mrs。　Randolph　always　regretting　the
  accident　which　so　far　deprived　her　of　the　happiness　of　your　former
  visit。　　She　still　cherishes　the　hope　of　some　future　renewal　of　that
  kindness；　in　which　we　all　join　her；　as　in　the　assurances　of
  affectionate　attachment　and　respect。
  HORIZONTAL　PLOUGHING
  _To　Tristam　Dalton_
  _Monticello；　May　2；　1817_
  DEAR　SIR；　　I　am　indebted　to　you　for　your　favor　of　Apr。　22；
  and　for　the　copy　of　the　Agricultural　magazine　it　covered；　which　is
  indeed　a　very　useful　work。　　While　I　was　an　amateur　in　Agricultural
  science　（for　practical　knolege　my　course　of　life　never　permitted　me）
  I　was　very　partial　to　the　drilled　husbandry　of　Tull；　and　thought
  still　better　of　it　when　reformed　by　Young　to　12　rows。　　But　I　had　not
  time　to　try　it　while　young；　and　now　grown　old　I　have　not　the
  requisite　activity　either　of　body　or　mind。
  With　respect　to　field　culture　of　vegetables　for　cattle；　instead
  of　the　carrot　and　potato　recommended　by　yourself　and　the　magazine；　&
  the　best　of　others；　we　find　the　Jerusalem　artichoke　best　for　winter；
  &　the　Succory　for　Summer　use。　　This　last　was　brought　over　from　France
  to　England　by　Arthur　Young；　as　you　will　see　in　his　travels　thro'
  France；　&　some　of　the　seed　sent　by　him　to　Genl。　Washington；　who
  spared　me　a　part　of　it。　　It　is　as　productive　as　the　Lucerne；　without
  its　laborious　culture；　&　indeed　without　any　culture　except　the
  keeping　it　clean　the　first　year。　　The　Jerusalem　artichoke　far　exceeds
  the　potato　in　produce；　and　remains　in　the　ground　thro'　the　winter　to
  be　dug　as　wanted。　　A　method　of　ploughing　over　hill　sides
  horizontally；　introduced　into　the　most　hilly　part　of　our　country　by
  Colo。　T。　M。　Randolph；　my　son　in　law；　may　be　worth　mentioning　to　you。
  He　has　practised　it　a　dozen　or　15　years；　and　it's　advantages　were　so
  immediately　observed　that　it　has　already　become　very　general；　and　has
  entirely　changed　and　renovated　the　face　of　our　country。　　Every　rain；
  before　that；　while　it　gave　a　temporary　refreshment；　did　permanent
  evil　by　carrying　off　our　soil：　and　fields　were　no　sooner　cleared　than
  wasted。　　At　present　we　may　say　that　we　lose　none　of　our　soil；　the
  rain　not　absorbed　in　the　moment　of　it's　fall　being　retained　in　the
  hollows　between　the　beds　until　it　can　be　absorbed。　　Our　practice　is
  when　we　first　enter　on　this　process；　with　a　rafter　level　of　10　f。
  span；　to　lay　off　guide　lines　conducted　horizontally　around　the　hill
  or　valley　from　one　end　to　the　other　of　the　field；　and　about　30　yards
  apart。　　The　steps　of　the　level　on　the　ground　are　marked　by　a　stroke
  of　a　hoe；　and　immediately　followed　by　a　plough　to　preserve　the　trace。
  A　man　or　a　lad；　with　the　level；　and　two　small　boys；　the　one　with
  sticks；　the　other　with　the　hoe；　will　do　an　acre　of　this　in　an　hour；
  and　when　once　done　it　is　forever　done。　　We　generally　level　a　field
  the　year　it　is　put　into　Indian　corn　laying　it　into　beds　of　6　ft。
  wide；　with　a　large　water　furrow　between　the　beds；　until　all　the
  fields　have　been　once　leveled。　　The　intermediate　furrows　are　run　by
  the　eye　of　the　ploughman　governed　by　these　guide　lines；　&　occasion
  gores　which　are　thrown　into　short　beds。　　As　in　ploughing　very　steep
  hill　sides　horizontally　the　common　ploughman　can　scarcely　throw　the
  furrow　uphill；　Colo。　Randolph　has　contrived　a　very　simple　alteration
  of　the　share；　which　throws　the　furrow　down　hill　both　going　and
  coming。　　It　is　as　if　two　shares　were　welded　together　at　their
  straight　side；　and　at　a　right　angle　with　each　other。　　This　turns　on
  it's　bar　as　on　a　pivot；　so　as　to　lay　either　share　horizontal；　when
  the　other　becoming　verticle　acts　as　a　mould　board。　　This　is　done　by
  the　ploughman　in　an　instant　by　a　single　motion　of　the　hand；　at　the
  end　of　every　furrow。　　I　enclose　a　bit　of　paper　cut　i