第 24 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9321
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  Neoplatonism  was   petted   by  luxurious   and   heathen popes;  as   an   elegant
  play    of   the  cultivated    fancy;   which     could   do   their   real  power;    their
  practical system;   neither   good   nor   harm。        And   one   cannot help   feeling;
  while     reading    the  magnificent      oration    on  Supra…sensual       Love;    which
  Castiglione; in his admirable book 〃The Courtier;〃 puts into the mouth of
  the    profligate    Bembo;      how    near    mysticism      may    lie  not   merely     to
  dilettantism   or   to   Pharisaism;   but   to   sensuality   itself。   But   in   England;
  during     Elizabeth's    reign;   the  practical    weakness     of  Neoplatonism       was
  compensated by the noble practical life which men were compelled to live
  in   those   great   times;   by   the   strong   hold   which   they   had   of   the   ideas   of
  family   and     national   life;   of   law   and   personal   faith。   And   I   cannot  but
  believe it to have been a mighty gain to such men as Sidney; Raleigh; and
  Spenser; that they had drunk; however slightly; of the wells of Proclus and
  Plotinus。     One cannot read Spenser's 〃Fairy Queen;〃 above all his Garden
  of    Adonis;     and   his   cantos    on    Mutability;    without     feeling    that   his
  Neoplatonism must have kept him safe from many a dark eschatological
  superstition;  many a narrow and   bitter dogmatism; which was even then
  tormenting the English mind; and must have helped to give him altogether
  a freer and more loving conception; if not a consistent or accurate one; of
  the   wondrous   harmony  of   that   mysterious   analogy  between   the   physical
  and    the   spiritual;   which    alone    makes    poetry    (and   I  had   almost    said
  philosophy also) possible; and have taught him to behold alike in suns and
  planets; in flowers and insects; in man and in beings higher than man; one
  glorious order of love and wisdom; linking them all to Him from whom
  they all proceed; rays from His cloudless sunlight; mirrors of His eternal
  glory。
  But as the Elizabethan age; exhausted by its own fertility; gave place to
  the Caroline; Neoplatonism ran through much the same changes。                        It was
  good      for   us;   after   all;   that   the   plain    strength     of   the   Puritans;
  unphilosophical   as   they   were;   swept   it   away。      One   feels   in   reading   the
  later Neoplatonists; Henry More; Smith; even Cudworth (valuable as he is);
  that the old accursed distinction between the philosopher; the scholar; the
  illuminate; and the plain righteous man; was growing up again very fast。
  The school from which the 〃Religio Medici〃 issued was not likely to make
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  any bad men good; or any foolish men wise。
  Besides; as long as men were continuing to quote poor old Proclus as
  an irrefragable authority; and believing that he; forsooth; represented the
  sense of Plato; the new…born Baconian philosophy had but little chance in
  the world。      Bacon had been right in his dislike of Platonism years before;
  though   he   was   unjust   to   Plato   himself。    It   was   Proclus   whom   he   was
  really   reviling;   Proclus   as   Plato's   commentator   and   representative。   The
  lion had for once got into the ass's skin; and was treated accordingly。                 The
  true   Platonic    method;     that  dialectic   which     the  Alexandrians      gradually
  abandoned; remains yet to be tried; both in England and in Germany; and I
  am much mistaken; if; when fairly used; it be not found the ally; not the
  enemy; of the Baconian philosophy; in fact; the inductive method applied
  to   words;   as   the   expressions   of   Metaphysic   Laws;   instead   of   to   natural
  phenomena; as the expressions of Physical ones。                  If you wish to see the
  highest instances of this method; read Plato himself; not Proclus。                   If you
  wish to see how the same method can be applied to Christian truth; read
  the dialectic passages in Augustine's 〃Confessions。〃                Whether or not you
  shall   agree   with   their   conclusions;   you   will   not   be   likely;   if   you   have   a
  truly scientific habit of mind; to complain that they want either profundity;
  severity; or simplicity。
  So    concludes     the   history    of  one    of  the   Alexandrian      schools    of
  Metaphysic。        What   was   the   fate   of   the   other   is   a   subject   which   I   must
  postpone to my next Lecture。
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  LECTURE IVTHE CROSS AND
  THE CRESCENT
  I   tried   to   point   out;   in   my   last   Lecture;   the   causes   which   led   to   the
  decay of the Pagan metaphysic of Alexandria。                We have now to consider
  the fate of the Christian school。
  You   may   have   remarked   that   I   have   said   little   or   nothing   about   the
  positive   dogmas   of   Clement;   Origen;   and   their   disciples;   but   have   only
  brought     out   the   especial    points   of  departure     between     them    and   the
  Heathens。      My reason for so doing was twofold:               first; I could not have
  examined them without entering on controversial ground; next; I am very
  desirous to excite some of my hearers; at least; to examine these questions
  for themselves。
  I entreat   them not   to   listen to   the hasty sneer to   which many  of   late
  have   given   way;   that   the   Alexandrian   divines   were   mere   mystics;   who
  corrupted Christianity by an admixture of Oriental and Greek thought。 My
  own belief is that they expanded and corroborated Christianity; in spite of
  great errors and defects on certain points; far more than they corrupted it;
  that they presented it to the minds of cultivated and scientific men in the
  only form in which it would have satisfied their philosophic aspirations;
  and yet contrived; with wonderful wisdom; to ground their philosophy on
  the   very   same   truths   which   they   taught   to   the   meanest   slaves;   and   to
  appeal     in  the  philosophers     to  the   same   inward    faculty    to  which    they
  appealed   in   the   slave;   namely;   to   that   inward   eye;   that   moral   sense   and
  reason; whereby each and every man can; if he will; 〃judge of himself that
  which is right。〃      I boldly say that I believe the Alexandrian Christians to
  have    made     the  best;  perhaps     the  only;   attempt   yet   made    by   men;   to
  proclaim a true world…philosophy; whereby I mean a philosophy common
  to   all   races;   ranks;   and   intellects;   embracing   the   whole   phenomena   of
  humanity;   and   not   an   arbitrarily   small   portion   of   them;   and   capable   of
  being understood and appreciated by every human being from the highest
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  to the lowest。       And when you hear of a system of reserve in teaching; a
  disciplina   arcani;  of   an   esoteric   and   exoteric;   an   inner   and   outer   school;
  among   these   men;   you   must   not   be   frightened   at   the   words;   as   if   they
  spoke of priestcraft; or an intellectual aristocracy; who kept the kernel of
  the nut for themselves; and gave the husks to the mob。                   It was not so with
  the   Christian   schools;   it   was   so   with   the   Heathen   ones。     The   Heathens
  were     content    that   the  mob;     the  herd;    should    have    the  husks。     Their
  avowed intention and wish was to leave the herd; as they called them; in
  the mere outward observance of the old idolatries; while they themselves;
  the   cultivated   philosophers;   had   the   monopoly   of   those   deeper   spiritual
  truths   which   were   contained   under   the   old   superstitions;   and   were   too
  sacred to be profaned by the vulgar eyes。                The Christian method was the
  exact   opposite。      They   boldly   called   those   vulgar   eyes   to   enter   into   the
  very holy of holies; and there gaze on the very deepest root…ideas of their
  philosophy。       They   owned   no   ground   for   their   own   speculations   which
  was not common to the harlots and the slaves around。                    And this was what
  enabled   them   to   do   this;   this   was   what   brought   on   them   the   charge   of
  demagogism; the   hatred of   philosophers; the persecution of princesthat
  their ground was a