第 15 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
  proportion   they   began   to   lose   all   living   or   practical   belief   that   He   did
  guide   them。      He   became   a   being   of   the   past;   one   who   had   taught   and
  governed their   forefathers in   old times:            not one   who   was   teaching   and
  governing   them   now。         I   beg   you   to   pay   attention   to   this   curious   result;
  because you will see; I think; the very same thing occurring in two other
  Alexandrian schools; of which I shall speak hereafter。
  The result to these Rabbis was; that the inspired books which spoke of
  this   Divine     guidance     and    government       became     objects    of  superstitious
  reverence;   just   in   proportion   as   they   lost   all   understanding   of   their   real
  value and meaning。           Nevertheless; this too produced good results; for the
  greatest possible care was taken to fix the Canon of these books; to settle;
  as    far  as  possible;    the   exact   time    at  which    the   Divine    guidance      was
  supposed   to   have   ceased;   after   which   it   was   impious   to   claim   a   Divine
  teaching; when their sages were left to themselves; as they fancied; with a
  complete   body   of   knowledge;   on   which   they   were   henceforth   only   to
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  comment。        Thus;   whether   or   not   they   were   right   in   supposing   that   the
  Divine   Teacher   had   ceased   to   teach   and   inspire   them;   they   did   infinite
  service   by   marking   out   for   us   certain   writers   whom   He   had   certainly
  taught and inspired。        No doubt they were right in their sense of the awful
  change      which    had   passed    over    their  nation。    There      was   an   infinite
  difference   between   them   and   the       old   Hebrew     writers。   They   had     lost
  something   which   those  old   prophets   possessed。          I   invite   you   to   ponder;
  each for himself; on the causes of this strange loss; bearing in mind that
  they lost their forefathers' heirloom; exactly in proportion as they began to
  believe it to be their exclusive possession; and to deny other human beings
  any right to or share in it。        It may have been that the light given to their
  forefathers had; as they thought; really departed。              It may have been; also;
  that the light was there all around them still; as bright as ever; but that they
  would not open their eyes and behold it; or rather; could not open them;
  because   selfishness   and   pride   had   sealed   them。      It   may   have   been;   that
  inspiration was still very near them too; if their spirits had been willing to
  receive it。 But of the fact of the change there was no doubt。                  For the old
  Hebrew seers were men dealing with the loftiest and deepest laws:                        the
  Rabbis were shallow pedants。            The old Hebrew seers were righteous and
  virtuous   men:      the   Rabbis   became;   in   due   time;   some   of   the   worst   and
  wickedest men who ever trod this earth。
  Thus   they   too   had   their   share   in   that   downward   career   of   pedantry
  which we have seen characterise the whole past Alexandrine age。                       They;
  like    Zenodotus       and   Aristarchus;      were    commentators;        grammarians;
  sectarian   disputers:      they   were   not    thinkers   or   actors。   Their    inspired
  books were to them no more the words of living human beings who had
  sought for the Absolute Wisdom; and found it after many sins and doubts
  and   sorrows。   The   human   writers   became   in   their   eyes   the   puppets   and
  mouthpieces of some magical influence; not the disciples of a living and
  loving person。 The book itself was; in their belief; not in any true   sense
  inspired; but magically dictatedby what power they cared not to define。
  His   character     was   unimportant      to  them;   provided     He   had   inspired    no
  nation but their own。        But; thought they; if the words were dictated; each
  of   them   must   have   some   mysterious   value。         And   if   each   word   had   a
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  mysterious value; why not each letter?              And how could they set limits to
  that   mysterious   value?      Might   not   these   words;   even   rearrangements   of
  the letters of them; be useful in protecting them against the sorceries of the
  heathen; in driving away those evil spirits; or evoking those good spirits;
  who; though seldom mentioned in their early records; had after their return
  from   Babylon   begun   to   form   an   important   part   of   their   unseen   world?
  For as they had lost faith in the One Preserver of their race; they had filled
  up the void by a ponderous demonology of innumerable preservers。                        This
  process   of   thought   was   not   confined   to Alexandria。        Dr。   Layard;   in   his
  last   book   on   Nineveh;   gives   some   curious   instances   of   its   prevalence
  among them  at   an   earlier   period;   well   worth   your   careful   study。      But   it
  was at Alexandria that the Jewish Cabbalism formed itself into a system。
  It   was   there   that  the   Jews    learnt  to  become      the  jugglers    and   magic…
  mongers of the whole Roman world; till Claudius had to expel them from
  Rome; as pests to rational and moral society。
  And yet; among these hapless pedants there lingered nobler thoughts
  and   hopes。      They   could   not   read   the   glorious   heirlooms   of   their   race
  without   finding   in   them   records   of   antique   greatness   and   virtue;   of   old
  deliverances worked for their forefathers; and what seemed promises; too;
  that   that   greatness   should   return。    The   notion   that   those   promises   were
  conditional;      that  they   expressed     eternal   moral    laws;    and   declared    the
  consequences of obeying those laws; they had lost long ago。                     By looking
  on   themselves   as   exclusively   and   arbitrarily   favoured   by   Heaven;   they
  were ruining their own moral sense。               Things were not right or wrong to
  them because Right was eternal and divine; and Wrong the transgression
  of that eternal right。       How could that be?           For then the right things the
  Gentiles seemed to do would be right and divine;and that supposition in
  their eyes was all but impious。            None could do right but themselves; for
  they only knew the law of God。              So; right with them had no absolute or
  universal   ground;   but   was   reduced   in   their   minds   to   the   performance   of
  certain    acts   commanded        exclusively     to  thema    form    of  ethics   which
  rapidly sank into the most petty and frivolous casuistry as to the outward
  performance of those acts。           The sequel of those ethics is known to all the
  world; in the spectacle of the most unrivalled religiosity; and scrupulous
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  respectability; combined with a more utter absence of moral sense; in their
  most cultivated and learned men; than the world has ever beheld before or
  since。
  In such a state of mind it was impossible for them to look on their old
  prophets   as   true   seers;   beholding   and   applying   eternal   moral   laws;   and;
  therefore; seeing the future in the present and in the past。                They must be
  the   mere   utterers   of   an   irreversible   arbitrary   fate;   and   that   fate   must;   of
  course; be favourable to their nation。            So now arose a school who picked
  out from their old prophets every passage which could be made to predict
  their   future   glory;   and   a   science   which   settled   when   that   glory   was   to
  return。    By the arbitrary rules of criticism a prophetic day was defined to
  mean      a  year;   a   week;    seven    years。    The     most    simple     and   human
  utterances were found to have recondite meanings relative to their future
  triumph   over   the   heathens   whom  they  cursed   and   hated。         If   any  of   you
  ever    come     across   the   popular    Jewish    interpretations     of  The    Song    of
  Solomon; you will there see the folly in which acute and learned men can
  indulge   themselves   when   they   have   lost   hold   of   the   belief   in   anything
  really absolute and eternal and moral; and have made Fate; and Time; and
  Self; their real deities。       But this dream of a future restoration w