第 13 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9321
  again;   and   so   by  prudent   and   well…bred   and   tolerant   qualifying   of   every
  assertion;  neither   affirming   too   much;   nor   denying   too   much;   keep   their
  minds in a wholesomeor unwholesomestate of equilibrium; as stagnant
  pools are kept; that everything may have free toleration to rot undisturbed。
  These hapless   caricaturists   of   the   dialectic   of   Plato;   and   the   logic   of
  Aristotle; careless of any vital principles or real results; ready enough to
  use fallacies each for their own party; and openly proud of their success in
  doing so; were assisted by worthy compeers of an outwardly opposite tone
  of thought; the Cyrenaics; Theodorus and Hegesias。                  With their clique; as
  with     their  master     Aristippus;    the   senses    were    the   only   avenues     to
  knowledge; man was the measure of all things; and 〃happiness our being's
  end and aim。〃        Theodorus was surnamed the Atheist; and; it seems; not
  without good   reason; for  he taught   that there was no absolute  or   eternal
  difference between good and evil; nothing really disgraceful in crimes; no
  divine ground for laws; which according to him had been invented by men
  39
  … Page 40…
  ALEXANDRIA AND HER SCHOOLS
  to prevent   fools   from making   themselves   disagreeable; on   which   theory;
  laws   must   be   confessed   to   have   been   in   all   ages   somewhat   of   a   failure。
  He seems to have been; like his master; an impudent light…hearted fellow;
  who   took   life   easily   enough;   laughed   at   patriotism;   and   all   other   high…
  flown notions; boasted that the world was his country; and was no doubt
  excellent after…dinner company  for   the   great king。              Hegesias;   his   fellow
  Cyrenaic; was a man of a darker and more melancholic temperament; and
  while      Theodorus       contented      himself     with    preaching      a   comfortable
  selfishness; and obtaining pleasure; made it rather his study to avoid pain。
  Doubtless both their theories were popular enough at Alexandria; as they
  were   in   France   during   the   analogous   period;   the   Siecle   Louis   Quinze。
  The     〃Contrat      Social;〃    and    the   rest   of   their    doctrines;    moral     and
  metaphysical;   will   always   have   their   admirers   on   earth;   as   long   as   that
  variety of the human species exists for whose especial behoof Theodorus
  held that laws were made; and the whole form of thought met with great
  approbation in after years at Rome; where Epicurus carried it to its highest
  perfection。      After    that;   under    the  pressure    of   a  train  of   rather   severe
  lessons; which Gibbon has detailed in his 〃Decline and Fall of the Roman
  Empire;〃 little or nothing was heard of it; save sotto voce; perhaps; at the
  Papal courts of the sixteenth century。             To revive it publicly; or at least as
  much   of   it   as   could   be   borne   by   a   world   now   for   seventeen   centuries
  Christian; was the glory of the eighteenth century。                 The moral scheme of
  Theodorus   has   now   nearly   vanished   among   us;   at   least   as   a   confessed
  creed; and; in spite of the authority of Mr。 Locke's great and good name;
  his    metaphysical       scheme      is   showing      signs    of   a   like   approaching
  disappearance。        Let us hope that it may be a speedy one; for if the senses
  be the only avenues to knowledge; if man be the measure of all things; and
  if law have not; as Hooker says; her fount and home in the very bosom of
  God   himself;   then   was   Homer's   Zeus   right   in   declaring   man   to   be   〃the
  most wretched of all the beasts of the field。〃
  And yet one cannot help looking with a sort of awe (I dare not call it
  respect)   at   that   melancholic   faithless   Hegesias。        Doubtless   he;   like   his
  compeers;   and   indeed   all Alexandria   for   three   hundred   years;   cultivated
  philosophy       with   no   more     real  purpose     than   it  was    cultivated    by   the
  40
  … Page 41…
  ALEXANDRIA AND HER SCHOOLS
  graceless   beaux…esprits   of   Louis   XV。's   court;   and   with   as   little   practical
  effect   on   morality;   but   of   this   Hegesias   alone   it   stands   written;   that   his
  teaching   actually   made   men   do   something;   and   moreover;   do   the   most
  solemn   and   important   thing   which   any   man   can   do;   excepting   always
  doing right。       I must confess; however; that the result of his teaching took
  so unexpected a form; that the reigning Ptolemy; apparently Philadelphus;
  had    to   interfere   with    the  sacred    right   of  every    man    to   talk  as   much
  nonsense as he likes; and forbade Hegesias to teach at Alexandria。                          For
  Hegesias;   a   Cyrenaic   like   Theodorus;   but   a   rather   more   morose   pedant
  than that saucy and happy scoffer; having discovered that the great end of
  man was to avoid pain; also discovered (his digestion being probably in a
  disordered   state)   that   there   was   so   much   more   pain   than pleasure   in   the
  world; as to make it a thoroughly disagreeable place; of which man was
  well   rid   at   any   price。   Whereon   he   wrote   a   book   called;   'Greek   text:
  apokarteroon';   in   which   a   man   who   had   determined   to   starve   himself;
  preached the miseries of human life; and the blessings of death; with such
  overpowering force; that the book actually drove many persons to commit
  suicide; and escape from a world which was not fit to dwell in。                      A fearful
  proof of how rotten the state of society was becoming; how desperate the
  minds      of   men;     during    those     frightful    centuries     which     immediately
  preceded the Christian era; and how fast was approaching that dark chaos
  of   unbelief   and   unrighteousness;   which   Paul   of   Tarsus   so   analyses   and
  describes in the first chapter of his Epistle to the Romanswhen the old
  light   was   lost;   the   old   faiths   extinct;   the   old   reverence   for   the   laws   of
  family      and    national    life;   destroyed;     yea    even     the   natural    instincts
  themselves perverted; that chaos whose darkness Juvenal; and Petronius;
  and     Tacitus    have    proved;     in   their   fearful    pages;    not   to   have    been
  exaggerated by the more compassionate though more righteous Jew。
  And      now    observe;     that   this   selfishnessthis     wholesome        state   of
  equilibriumthis philosophic calm; which is really only a lazy pride; was;
  as far as we can tell; the main object of all the schools from the time of
  Alexander   to   the   Christian   era。      We   know   very  little   of   those   Sceptics;
  Cynics;   Epicureans; Academics;   Peripatetics;   Stoics;   of   whom   there   has
  been   so   much   talk;   except   at   second…hand;   through   the   Romans;   from
  41
  … Page 42…
  ALEXANDRIA AND HER SCHOOLS
  whom Stoicism in after ages received a new and not ignoble life。 But this
  we do know of the later sets;  that they gradually gave up the search   for
  truth; and propounded to themselves as the great type for a philosopher;
  How shall a man save his own soul from this evil world? They may have
  been    right;   it  may   have   been    the  best   thing   to  think   about   in  those
  exhausted   and   decaying   times:       but   it   was   a   question   of   ethics;   not   of
  philosophy; in the sense which the old Greek sages put on that latter word。
  Their    object   was;    not  to  get  at  the   laws   of  all  things;   but  to  fortify
  themselves against all things; each according to his scheme; and so to be
  self…sufficient and alone。        Even in the Stoics; who boldly and righteously
  asserted an immutable morality; this was the leading conception。                    As has
  been well said of them:
  〃If we reflect how deeply the feeling of an intercourse between men
  and a divine race superior to themselves had worked itself into the Greek
  characterwhat a number of fables; some beautiful; some impure; it had
  impregnated   and   procured   credence   forhow   it   sustained   every   form   of
  polity and every system of laws; we may imagine what the effects must
  have been of its disappearance。           If it is possible for any man; it was not;
  certainly; possible for a Greek; to feel himself connected by any real bonds
  with    his   fellow…creatures      around    him;    while    he   felt  himself    utterly
  separated