第 11 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9321
  corrections we owe; I suppose; the texts of the Greek poets as they now
  stand。     They seem to have set to work at their task methodically enough;
  under the direction of their most literary monarch; Ptolemy Philadelphus。
  Alexander the AEtolian collected and revised the tragedies; Lycophron the
  comedies; Zenodotus the poems of Homer; and the other poets of the Epic
  cycle;     now    lost   to   us。    Whether       Homer     prospered      under    all   his
  expungings;   alterations;   and   transpositionswhether;   in   fact;   he   did   not
  treat Homer very much as Bentley wanted to treat Milton; is a suspicion
  which one has a right to entertain; though it is long past the possibility of
  proof。     Let   that   be   as   it   may;   the   critical   business   grew   and   prospered。
  Aristophanes       of   Byzantium      wrote    glossaries    and   grammars;      collected
  editions     of  Plato   and   Aristotle;   aesthetic    disquisitions    on   Homerone
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  wishes they were preserved; for the sake of the jest; that one might have
  seen an Alexandrian cockney's views of Achilles and Ulysses!                      Moreover;
  in a hapless moment; at least for us moderns; he invented Greek accents;
  thereby; I fear; so complicating and confusing our notions of Greek rhythm;
  that we shall never; to the end of time; be able to guess what any Greek
  verse; saving the old Homeric Hexameter; sounded like。                       After a while;
  too;   the   pedants;   according   to   their   wont;   began   quarrelling   about   their
  accents     and    their   recessions。    Moreover;       there   was    a  rival   school    at
  Pergamus where the fame of Crates all but equalled the Egyptian fame of
  Aristarchus。       Insolent!      What   right   had   an   Asiatic   to   know   anything?
  So Aristarchus   flew   furiously   on   Crates;   being   a   man   of   plain   common
  sense; who felt a correct reading a far more important thing than any of
  Crates's   illustrations;   aesthetic;   historical;   or   mythological;   a   preference
  not   yet   quite   extinct;   in   one;   at   least;   of   our   Universities。 〃Sir;〃   said   a
  clever      Cambridge        Tutor    to    a   philosophically        inclined     freshman;
  〃remember; that our business is to translate Plato correctly; not to discover
  his meaning。〃        And;  paradoxical as   it may  seem; he   was right。              Let us
  first   have   accuracy;   the   merest   mechanical   accuracy;   in   every   branch   of
  knowledge。        Let us know what the thing is which we are looking at。                   Let
  us know the exact words an author uses。                Let us get at the exact value of
  each   word   by   that   severe   induction   of   which   Buttmann   and   the   great
  Germans   have   set   such   noble   examples;   and   then;   and   not   till   then;   we
  may   begin   to   talk   about   philosophy;   and   aesthetics;   and   the   rest。    Very
  Probably Aristarchus was right in his dislike of Crates's preference of what
  he called criticism; to grammar。             Very probably he connected it with the
  other   object   of   his   especial   hatred;   that   fashion   of   interpreting   Homer
  allegorically;   which   was   springing   up   in   his   time;   and   which   afterwards
  under the Neoplatonists rose to a frantic height; and helped to destroy in
  them; not only their power of sound judgment; and of asking each thing
  patiently what it was; but also any real reverence for; or understanding of;
  the very authors over whom they declaimed and sentimentalised。
  Yesthe Cambridge Tutor was right。               Before you can tell what a man
  means;   you   must   have   patience   to   find   out   what   he   says。     So   far   from
  wishing our grammatical and philological education to be less severe than
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  it is; I think it is not severe enough。          In an age like thisan age of lectures;
  and     of  popular     literature;   and    of  self…culture;     too   often   random      and
  capricious; however earnest; we cannot be too careful in asking ourselves;
  in compelling others to ask themselves; the meaning of every word which
  they use; of every word which they read; in assuring them; whether they
  will believe us   or not;  that   the   moral;  as   well  as   the   intellectual culture;
  acquired   by   translating   accurately   one   dialogue   of   Plato;   by   making   out
  thoroughly the sense of one chapter of a standard author; is greater than
  they    will   get   from    skimming       whole     folios   of  Schlegelian      aesthetics;
  resumes; histories of philosophy; and the like second…hand information; or
  attending seven lectures a…week till their lives' end。                  It is better to know
  one thing; than to know about ten thousand things。                    I cannot help feeling
  painfully; after reading those most interesting Memoirs of Margaret Fuller
  Ossoli;     that   the  especial     danger    of   this  time    is  intellectual    sciolism;
  vagueness;   sentimental   eclecticismand   feeling;   too;   as   Socrates   of   old
  believed;  that   intellectual   vagueness   and   shallowness;   however   glib;   and
  grand;   and   eloquent   it   may   seem;   is   inevitably   the   parent   of   a   moral
  vagueness and   shallowness;   which   may  leave   our   age   as   it   left   the   later
  Greeks;   without   an   absolute   standard   of   right   or   of   truth;   till   it   tries   to
  escape from its own scepticism; as the later Neoplatonists did; by plunging
  desperately into any fetish…worshipping superstition which holds out to its
  wearied and yet impatient intellect; the bait of decisions already made for
  it; of objects of admiration already formed and systematised。
  Therefore   let   us   honour      the   grammarian   in      his   place;   and;   among
  others; these old grammarians of Alexandria; only being sure that as soon
  as    any   man    begins;    as   they   did;   displaying     himself     peacock…fashion;
  boasting of his science as the great pursuit of humanity; and insulting his
  fellow…   craftsmen;   he   becomes;   ipso   facto;   unable   to   discover   any   more
  truth    for   us;  having     put   on   a  habit    of  mind     to  which     induction     is
  impossible; and is thenceforth to be passed by with a kindly but a pitying
  smile。     And so; indeed; it happened with these quarrelsome Alexandrian
  grammarians; as it did with the Casaubons and Scaligers and Daciers   of
  the last   two   centuries。      As   soon   as   they  began   quarrelling   they  lost   the
  power of discovering。          The want of the inductive faculty in their attempts
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  at philology is utterly ludicrous。            Most of their derivations of words are
  about   on   a   par   with   Jacob   Bohmen's   etymology   of   sulphur;   wherein   he
  makes sul; if I recollect right; signify some active principle of combustion;
  and phur the passive one。           It was left for more patient and less noisy men;
  like   Grimm;   Bopp;   and   Buttmann;   to   found   a   science   of   philology;   to
  discover   for   us   those   great   laws   which   connect   modern   philology   with
  history;   ethnology;   physiology;   and   with   the   very   deepest   questions   of
  theology   itself。     And   in   the   meanwhile;   these   Alexandrians'   worthless
  criticism has been utterly swept away; while their real work; their accurate
  editions   of   the   classics;   remain   to   us   as   a   precious   heritage。    So   it   is
  throughout history:         nothing dies which is worthy to live。              The wheat is
  surely  gathered   into the   garner;  the   chaff   is   burnt up by  that   eternal   fire
  which; happily for this universe; cannot be quenched by any art of man;
  but   goes   on   forever;   devouring   without   indulgence   all   the   folly   and   the
  falsehood of the world。
  As    yet   you    have    heard    nothing     of   the   metaphysical       schools    of
  Alexandria; for as yet none have existed; in the modern acceptation of that
  word。 Indeed; I am not sure that I must not tell you frankly; that none ever
  existed   at   all   in Alexandria;   in   that   same   modern   acceptation。        Ritter;   I
  think;     it  is   who     complains      naively     enough;      that   the   Alexandrian
  Neoplatonists had a bad habit; which grew on them more and more as the