himself　with　the　former。　　His　greatest　favourites　were　the　works
  of　Cicero；　which　he　says　he　always　felt　himself　the　better　for
  reading。　　〃I　can　never；〃　he　says；　〃read　the　works　of　Cicero　on
  'Old　Age；'　or　'Friendship；'　or　his　'Tusculan　Disputations；'
  without　fervently　pressing　them　to　my　lips；　without　being
  penetrated　with　veneration　for　a　mind　little　short　of　inspired　by
  God　himself。〃　　It　was　the　accidental　perusal　of　Cicero's
  'Hortensius'　which　first　detached　St。　Augustineuntil　then　a
  profligate　and　abandoned　sensualistfrom　his　immoral　life；　and
  started　him　upon　the　course　of　inquiry　and　study　which　led　to　his
  becoming　the　greatest　among　the　Fathers　of　the　Early　Church。　　Sir
  William　Jones　made　it　a　practice　to　read　through；　once　a　year；　the
  writings　of　Cicero；　〃whose　life　indeed；〃　says　his　biographer；　was
  the　great　exemplar　of　his　own。〃
  When　the　good　old　Puritan　Baxter　came　to　enumerate　the　valuable
  and　delightful　things　of　which　death　would　deprive　him；　his　mind
  reverted　to　the　pleasures　he　had　derived　from　books　and　study。
  〃When　I　die；〃　he　said；　〃I　must　depart；　not　only　from　sensual
  delights；　but　from　the　more　manly　pleasures　of　my　studies；
  knowledge；　and　converse　with　many　wise　and　godly　men；　and　from　all
  my　pleasure　in　reading；　hearing；　public　and　private　exercises　of
  religion；　and　such　like。　　I　must　leave　my　library；　and　turn　over
  those　pleasant　books　no　more。　　I　must　no　more　come　among　the
  living；　nor　see　the　faces　of　my　faithful　friends；　nor　be　seen　of
  man；　houses；　and　cities；　and　fields；　and　countries；　gardens；　and
  walks；　will　be　as　nothing　to　me。　　I　shall　no　more　hear　of　the
  affairs　of　the　world；　of　man；　or　wars；　or　other　news；　nor　see　what
  becomes　of　that　beloved　interest　of　wisdom；　piety；　and　peace；
  which　I　desire　may　prosper。〃
  It　is　unnecessary　to　speak　of　the　enormous　moral　influence　which
  books　have　exercised　upon　the　general　civilization　of　mankind；
  from　the　Bible　downwards。　　They　contain　the　treasured　knowledge　of
  the　human　race。　　They　are　the　record　of　all　labours；　achievements；
  speculations；　successes；　and　failures；　in　science；　philosophy；
  religion；　and　morals。　　They　have　been　the　greatest　motive　powers
  in　all　times。　　〃From　the　Gospel　to　the　Contrat　Social；〃　says　De
  Bonald；　〃it　is　books　that　have　made　revolutions。〃　　Indeed；　a　great
  book　is　often　a　greater　thing　than　a　great　battle。　　Even　works　of
  fiction　have　occasionally　exercised　immense　power　on　society。
  Thus　Rabelais　in　France；　and　Cervantes　in　Spain；　overturned　at　the
  same　time　the　dominion　of　monkery　and　chivalry；　employing　no　other
  weapons　but　ridicule；　the　natural　contrast　of　human　terror。　　The
  people　laughed；　and　felt　reassured。　　So　'Telemachus'　appeared；　and
  recalled　men　back　to　the　harmonies　of　nature。
  〃Poets；〃　says　Hazlitt；　〃are　a　longer…lived　race　than　heroes：　they
  breathe　more　of　the　air　of　immortality。　　They　survive　more　entire
  in　their　thoughts　and　acts。　　We　have　all　that　Virgil　or　Homer　did；
  as　much　as　if　we　had　lived　at　the　same　time　with　them。　　We　can
  hold　their　works　in　our　hands；　or　lay　them　on　our　pillows；　or　put
  them　to　our　lips。　　Scarcely　a　trace　of　what　the　others　did　is　left
  upon　the　earth；　so　as　to　be　visible　to　common　eyes。　　The　one；　the
  dead　authors；　are　living　men；　still　breathing　and　moving　in　their
  writings；　the　others；　the　conquerors　of　the　world；　are　but　the
  ashes　in　an　urn。　　The　sympathy　（so　to　speak）　between　thought　and
  thought　is　more　intimate　and　vital　than　that　between　thought　and
  action。　　Thought　is　linked　to　thought　as　flame　kindles　into　flame；
  the　tribute　of　admiration　to　the　MANES　of　departed　heroism　is　like
  burning　incense　in　a　marble　monument。　　Words；　ideas；　feelings；
  with　the　progress　of　time　harden　into　substances：　things；　bodies；
  actions；　moulder　away；　or　melt　into　a　soundinto　thin　air。。。。
  Not　only　a　man's　actions　are　effaced　and　vanish　with　him；　his
  virtues　and　generous　qualities　die　with　him　also。　　His　intellect
  only　is　immortal；　and　bequeathed　unimpaired　to　posterity。　　Words
  are　the　only　things　that　last　for　ever。〃　（18）
  NOTES
  （1）　'Kaye's　'Lives　of　Indian　Officers。'
  （2）　Emerson；　in　his　'Society　and　Solitude；'　says　〃In　contemporaries；
  it　is　not　so　easy　to　distinguish　between　notoriety　and　fame。　　Be
  sure；　then；　to　read　no　mean　books。　　Shun　the　spawn　of　the　press　or
  the　gossip　of　the　hour。。。。　The　three　practical　rules　I　have　to
  offer　are　these：…　　1。　Never　read　a　book　that　is　not　a　year　old；
  2。　Never　read　any　but　famed　books；　3。　Never　read　any　but　what　you
  like。〃　　Lord　Lytton's　maxim　is：　〃In　science；　read　by　preference
  the　newest　books；　in　literature；　the　oldest。〃
  （3）　A　friend　of　Sir　Walter　Scott；　who　had　the　same　habit；　and　prided
  himself　on　his　powers　of　conversation；　one　day　tried　to　〃draw　out〃
  a　fellow…passenger　who　sat　beside　him　on　the　outside　of　a　coach；
  but　with　indifferent　success。　　At　length　the　conversationalist
  descended　to　expostulation。　　〃I　have　talked　to　you；　my　friend；〃
  said　he；　〃on　all　the　ordinary　subjectsliterature；　farming；
  merchandise；　gaming；　game…laws；　horse…races；　suits　at　law；
  politics；　and　swindling；　and　blasphemy；　and　philosophy：　is　there
  any　one　subject　that　you　will　favour　me　by　opening　upon？〃　　The
  wight　writhed　his　countenance　into　a　grin：　〃Sir；〃　said　he；　〃can
  you　say　anything　clever　about　BEND…LEATHER？〃　　As　might　be
  expected；　the　conversationalist　was　completely　nonplussed。
  （4）　Coleridge；　in　his　'Lay　Sermon；'　points　out；　as　a　fact　of　history；
  how　large　a　part　of　our　present　knowledge　and　civilization　is
  owing；　directly　or　indirectly；　to　the　Bible；　that　the　Bible　has
  been　the　main　lever　by　which　the　moral　and　intellectual　character
  of　Europe　has　been　raised　to　its　present　comparative　height；　and
  he　specifies　the　marked　and　prominent　difference　of　this　book　from
  the　works　which　it　is　the　fashion　to　quote　as　guides　and
  authorities　in　morals；　politics；　and　history。　　〃In　the　Bible；〃　he
  says；　〃every　agent　appears　and　acts　as　a　self…substituting
  individual：　each　has　a　life　of　its　own；　and　yet　all　are　in　life。
  The　elements　of　necessity　and　freewill　are　reconciled　in　the
  higher　power　of　an　omnipresent　Providence；　that　predestinates　the
  whole　in　the　moral　freedom　of　the　integral　parts。　　Of　this　the
  Bible　never　suffers　us　to　lose　sight。　　The　root　is　never　detached
  from　the　ground；　it　is　God　everywhere；　and　all　creatures　conform
  to　His　decreesthe　righteous　by　performance　of　the　law；　the
  disobedient　by　the　sufferance　of　the　penalty。〃
  （5）　Montaigne's　Essay　（Book　I。　chap。　xxv。）'Of　the　Education
  of　Children。'
  （6）　〃Tant　il　est　vrai；〃　says　Voltaire；　〃que　les　hommes；　qui　sont
  audessus　des　autres　par　les　talents；　s'en　RAPPROCHENT　PRESQUE
  TOUJOURS　PAR　LES　FAIBLESSES；　car　pourquoi　les　talents　nous
  mettraient…ils　audessous　de　l'humanite。〃VIE　DE　MOLIERE。
  （7）　'Life；'　8vo　Ed。；　p。　102。
  （8）　'Autobiography　of　Sir　Egerton　Brydges；　Bart。；'　vol。　i。　　p。　91。
  （9）　It　was　wanting　in　Plutarch；　in　Southey　（'Life　of　Nelson'）；　and　in
  Forster　（'Life　of　Goldsmith'）；　yet　it　must　be　acknowledged　that
  personal　knowledge　gives　the　principal　charm　to　Tacitus's
  'Agricola；'　Roper's　'Life　of　More；'　Johnson's　'Lives　of　Savage　and
  Pope；'　Boswell's　'Johnson；'　Lockhart's　'Scott；'　Carlyle's
  'Sterling；'　and　Moore's　'Byron；'
  （10）　The　'Dialogus　Novitiorum　de　Contemptu　Mundi。'
  （11）　The　Life　of　Sir　Charles　Bell；　one　of　our　greatest　physiologists；
  was　left　to　be　written　by　Amedee　Pichot；　a　Frenchman；　and　though
  Sir　Charles　Bell's　letters　to　his　brother　have　since　been
  published；　his　Life　still　remains　to　be　written。　　It　may
  also　be　added　that　the　best　Life　of　Goethe　has　been　written
  by　an　Englishman；　and　the　best　Life　of　Frederick　the　Great
  by　a　Scotchman。
  （12）　It　is　not　a　little　remarkable　that　the　pious　Schleiermacher
  should　have　concurred　in　opinion　with　Goethe　as　to　the　merits　of
  Spinoza；　though　he　was　a　man　excommunicated　by　the　Jews；　to　whom
  he　belonged；　and　denounced　by　the　Christians　as　a　man　little
  better　than　an　atheist。　〃The　Great　Spirit　of　the　world；〃　says
  Schleiermacher；　in　his　REDE　UBER　DIE　RELIGION；　〃penetrated　the
  holy　but　repudiated　Spinoza；　the　Infinite　was　his　beginning　and
  his　end；　the　universe　his　only　and　eternal　love。　　He　was　filled
  with　religion　and　religious　feeling：　and　therefore　is　it　that　he
  stands　alone　unapproachable；　the　master　in　his　art；　but　elevated
  above　the　profane　world；　without　adherents；　and　without　even
  citizenship。〃
  Cousin　also　says　of　Spinoza：…　〃The　author　whom　this　pretended
  atheist　most　resembles　is　the　unknown　author　of　'The　Imitation　of
  Jesus　Christ。'〃
  （13）　Preface　to　Southeys　'Life　of　Wesley'　（1864）。
  （14）　Napoleon　also　read　Milton　carefully；　and　it　has　been　related　of
  him　by　Sir　Colin　Campbell；　who　resided　with　Napoleon　at　Elba；　that
  when　speaking　of　the　Battle　of　Austerlitz；　he　said　that　a
  particular　disposition　of　his　artillery；　which；　in　its　results；
  had　a　decisive　effect　in　winning　the　battle；