第 7 节
作者:      更新:2022-06-15 11:22      字数:9322
  Hiakujo(719…814) the pupil of Baso; first instituted the Zen monastery and
  established a ritual and regulations for its government。                 In the discussions
  of the Zen school after the time of Baso we find the play of the Yangtse…
  Kiang mind causing an accession of native modes of thought in contrast to
  the former Indian idealism。            Whatever sectarian pride may assert to the
  contrary   one   cannot   help   being   impressed   by   the   similarity   of   Southern
  Zen to the teachings of Laotse and the Taoist Conversationalists。                       In the
  Tao…teking       we     already     find    allusions    to    the   importance       of   self…
  concentration   and   the       need   of   properly  regulating   the   breathessential
  points in the practice of Zen meditation。              Some of the best commentaries
  20
  … Page 21…
  The Book of Tea
  on the Book of Laotse have been written by Zen scholars。
  Zennism;      like  Taoism;     is  the  worship    of   Relativity。    One     master
  defines Zen as the art of feeling the polar star in the southern sky。                Truth
  can   be   reached   only   through   the   comprehension   of   opposites。         Again;
  Zennism; like Taoism; is a strong advocate of individualism。                   Nothing is
  real except that which concerns the working of our own minds。                   Yeno; the
  sixth    patriarch;   once    saw   two   monks     watching     the  flag   of  a  pagoda
  fluttering   in   the   wind。  One   said   〃It   is   the   wind   that   moves;〃   the   other
  said 〃It is the flag that moves〃; but Yeno explained to them that the real
  movement was neither of the wind nor the flag; but of something within
  their own minds。        Hiakujo was walking in the forest with a disciple when
  a hare scurried off at their approach。          〃Why does the hare fly from you?〃
  asked   Hiakujo。      〃Because   he   is   afraid   of   me;〃   was   the   answer。  〃No;〃
  said    the   master;   〃it  is  because    you    have   murderous      instinct。〃    The
  dialogue recalls that of Soshi (Chauntse); the Taoist。              One day Soshi was
  walking   on   the   bank   of   a   river with   a   friend。   〃How   delightfully   the
  fishes    are  enjoying     themselves     in  the   water!〃   exclaimed      Soshi。    His
  friend spake to him thus: 〃You are not a fish; how do you know that the
  fishes are enjoying themselves?〃            〃You are not myself;〃 returned Soshi;
  〃how     do   you   know     that  I  do  not   know    that   the  fishes   are  enjoying
  themselves?〃
  Zen was often opposed to the precepts of orthodox Buddhism even as
  Taoism was opposed to Confucianism。                 To the transcendental insight of
  the Zen; words were but an           incumberance to thought; the whole sway of
  Buddhist      scriptures   only   commentaries       on   personal    speculation。     The
  followers   of   Zen   aimed   at   direct   communion   with   the   inner   nature   of
  things; regarding their outward accessories only as impediments to a clear
  perception of Truth。        It was this love of the Abstract that led the Zen to
  prefer   black   and   white   sketches   to   the   elaborately   coloured   paintings   of
  the classic Buddhist School。          Some of the Zen even became iconoclastic
  as a result of their endeavor to recognise the Buddha in themselves rather
  than through images and symbolism。              We find Tankawosho breaking up a
  wooden      statue   of   Buddha     on   a  wintry    day   to  make    a  fire。   〃What
  sacrilege!〃 said the horror…stricken bystander。            〃I wish to get the Shali out
  21
  … Page 22…
  The Book of Tea
  of   the   ashes;〃   camply   rejoined   the   Zen。   〃But   you   certainly   will   not   get
  Shali from this image!〃 was the angry retort; to which Tanka replied; 〃If I
  do not; this is certainly not a Buddha and I am committing no sacrilege。〃
  Then he turned to warm himself over the kindling fire。
  A special contribution of Zen to Easthern thought was its recognition
  of the mundane as of equal importance with the                 spiritual。    It held that in
  the great relation of things there was no distinction of small and great; an
  atom     posessing     equal   possibilites    with   the   universe。     The    seeker    for
  perfection must        discover in his own life        the reflection of the inner light。
  The organisation of the Zen monastery was very significant of this point of
  view。     To   every   member;   except   the   abbot;   was   assigned   some   special
  work   in   the   caretaking   of   the   monastery;   and   curiously   enough;   to   the
  novices was committed the lighter duties; while to the most respected and
  advanced   monks   were   given   the   more   irksome   and   menial   tasks。         Such
  services formed a part of the Zen discipline and every least action must be
  done absolutely perfectly。         Thus many a weighty discussion ensued while
  weeding the garden; paring a turnip; or serving tea。                 The whole ideal of
  Teaism   is   a   result   of   this   Zen   conception   of   greatness   in   the   smallest
  incidents of life。      Taoism furnished the basis for aesthetic ideals; Zennism
  made them practical。
  22
  … Page 23…
  The Book of Tea
  IV。 The Tea…Room
  To   European   architects   brought   up   on   the   traditions   of   stone   and
  brick    construction;    our   Japanese     method    of   building   with   wood     and
  bamboo seems scarcely worthy to be ranked as architecture。 It is but quite
  recently that a competent student of Western architecture has recognised
  and paid tribute to the remarkable perfection of our great temples。                   Such
  being the case as regards         our classic architecture; we could hardly expect
  the outsider to appreciate the subtle beauty of the tea…room; its principles
  of    construction and decoration being entirely different from those of the
  West。
  The tea…room (the Sukiya) does not pretend to be other than a                    mere
  cottagea   straw   hut;   as   we   call   it。 The  original   ideographs   for   Sukiya
  mean   the Abode   of   Fancy。       Latterly   the   various   tea…masters   substituted
  various Chinese characters according to their conception of the tea…room;
  and the term Sukiya may signify the Abode of Vacancy or the Abode of
  the Unsymmetrical。 It is an Abode of Fancy inasmuch as it is an ephemeral
  structure   built   to   house   a   poetic   impulse。   It   is   an   Abode   of   Vacancy
  inasmuch as it is devoid of ornamentation except for what may                   be placed
  in it to satisfy some aesthetic need of the moment。 It is an Abode of the
  Unsymmetrical         inasmuch     as   it  is  consecrated    to  the   worship     of  the
  Imperfect;  purposely  leaving some   thing           unfinished   for  the  play  of   the
  imagination to complete。          The     ideals of Teaism have since the sixteenth
  century     influenced     our   architecture    to  such    degree    that  the   ordinary
  Japanese interior of the present day; on account of the extreme simplicity
  and     chasteness      of   its  scheme     of  decoration;     appears    to   foreigners
  almost barren。
  The    first  independent     tea…room   was     the  creation    of  Senno…Soyeki;
  commonly   known   by   his   later   name   of   Rikiu;   the   greatest   of   all   tea…
  masters;   who;     in  the   sixteenth   century;   under   the   patronage     of  Taiko…
  Hideyoshi;      instituted    and   brought     to  a  high    state  of   perfection    the
  formalities   of   the   Tea…ceremony。       The   proportions   of   the   tea…room   had
  been previously determined by Jowoa famous tea…master of the fifteenth
  23
  … Page 24…
  The Book of Tea
  century。     The early tea…room consisted merely of a portion of the ordinary
  drawing…room         partitioned    off  by   screens    for  the   purpose    of   the  tea…
  gathering。 The portion partitioned off was called the Kakoi (enclosure); a
  name still applied to those tea…rooms which are built into a house and are
  not    independent      constructions。     The     Sukiya    consists    of  the   tea…room
  proper;   designed   to   accomodate   not   more   than   five      persons;   a   number
  suggestive of the saying 〃more than the Graces and less than the Muses;〃
  an   a